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. 2023 Jan 26;13:1077335. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1077335

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Recognition of fungi by pattern recognition receptors. A diagrammatic representation of pattern recognition receptors involved in the recognition of various fungal species, and the cellular responses triggered by ligand-receptor binding. The CLR family of receptors recognize fungal carbohydrates and result in activation of the SYK–CARD9 axis, formation of the CARD9–BCL10–MALT1 complex and activating nuclear NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, which in turn activate synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL-6, IL-1β, IL-23, IL-12, CXCL1 and CXCL2. The release of chemokines and cytokines that promote CD4+ T cell differentiation into specific T helper cell. The NOD-like receptor NLRP3 forms inflammasome complex with ASC and caspase-1 that results in production of IL-1β. In addition, dectin-1 signaling engages the CARD9–BCL10–MALT1 complex to promote non-canonical inflammasome activation that results in IL-1β production via caspase-8. In contrast, NK cells equipment with receptor NKp30 and NKp46 as a microbial pattern-recognition receptor to recognize fungi. C-type lectin DC-SIGN modulates TLR signaling via Raf-1 kinase-dependent acetylation of NF-κB in DCs. (Created with Biorender.com).