. 2022 Nov 23;30(4):523–537. doi: 10.38212/2224-6614.3431

Table 1.

Toxins in different fermented food products.

Fermented food products	Toxins	Microbes	Harmful effects	Reference
Alcoholic beverages (South Africa-based)	Aflatoxins^a, Zearalenone^a, Ochratoxin^a, Penicillic acid^a, Shiga toxin^b	Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., E-coli (STEC)	Neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hemolytic uremic syndrome	[11,28]
Meju (fermented soybeans)	Aflatoxin B1^a, Ochratoxin A^a	Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus	Cytotoxicity, carcinogenic, immunosuppression	[37]
Iru and ogiri (Nigerian fermented foods)	Aflatoxins^a, Endotoxins^b	Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., Enterobacteriacae	Neurotoxicity, carcinogenic, immunosuppression, vomiting	[28]
Fish sausage (fermented)	Cadaverine^c, putrescine^c, histamine^c, tyramine^c	Enterobacteriacae	Acute and chronic toxicities, such as, vomiting	[72]
Sausages	Shiga toxin^b	E. coli	Hemolytic uremic syndrome	[73]
Fermented sausages (dry)	Verotoxigenic (Shiga toxin)^b	E. coli	Hemolytic uremic syndrome	[74]
Fermented milk products	Aflatoxins M1^a	Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus	Neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, carcinogenic	[75]
Maize meal (fermented)	Fumonisin B1^a, Aflatoxin B1^a, Zearalenone^a, Ochratoxin A^a	Fusarium graminearum	Neurotoxicity, carcinogenic, immunosuppression	[28]
Fermented pasta	Deoxynivalenol^a and T-2 toxin^a	Fusarium graminearum, F. asiaticum, F. meridionale, F. booth	Cytotoxicity, carcinogenic, immunosuppression, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity	[76]
Fermented soyabean (Doenjang)	Enterotoxin^b	Bacillus cereus	Vomiting, diarrhea	[28]
Fermented soya sauce products	Deoxynivalenol^a, Enterotoxin^b	Fusarium spp. Bacillus cereus	Immunosuppression, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity	[32]
Kimchi	Toxic trace elements (As, Cd, In, Pb, and Tl)	–	Neurotoxicity, neurodegenerative diseases	[77]
Pickled vegetables	Cadaverine^c, tyramine^c, Nitrosamines	Firmicutes, Leuconostoc spp.	Cardiac palpitations, headache, flushes, nausea	[78]
Milk tofu	Toxic elements (V, Ba, Sr, Pb, Cd),	–	Neurotoxicity, neurodegenerative diseases	[79]
Fumigated cheese	Citrinin^a, cyclopiazonic acid^a, roquefortine C^a	Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium roqueforti, Fusarium oxysporum	Neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, carcinogenic, immunosuppression, cytotoxicity	[80]
Ogi baba	Aflatoxins B1^a	Aspergillus flavus	Carcinogenic, neurotoxicity	[28]
Ugba (fermented	Aflatoxins B1^a,	Aspergillus spp.,	Neurotoxicity, carcinogenic,	[28]
African oil bean seeds)	Fumonisin B1^a, Sterigmatocystin^a	Fusarium spp.	immunosuppression, cytotoxicity
Soumbala	Enterotoxins^b	Bacillus cereus	Vomiting, diarrhea	[28]
Bikalga	Enterotoxins^b	Bacillus cereus	Vomiting, diarrhea	[28]
Kenkey (fermented maize)	Aflatoxins^b	Aspergillus spp.	Neurotoxicity, carcinogenic	[81]
Yogurt	Aflatoxins^b	Aspergillus spp.	Neurotoxicity, carcinogenic	[75]

Classification of mycotoxins.

Classification of bacterial toxins.

classification of endotoxins.