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. 2023 Jan 26;14:891947. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.891947

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Copyright © 2023 Chen, Yang, Xu, Wang, Zhang, Fu and Zhang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mendelian randomization results for association between smoking traits and coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes. Odds ratio is scaled to per standard deviation increasement in genetically determined smoking initiation (about 10-12% increasement in the probability of being a regular smoker), age at initiation of regular smoking (about additional 0.31-0.50 years), cigarettes per day (about additional 2-3 cigarettes daily) and smoking cessation (about 3-5% increasement in the probability of being a current smoker). OR indicates odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SmkInit, smoking initiation; AgeSmk, age at initiation of regular smoking; CigDay, cigarettes per day; SmkCes, smoking cessation; MR, Mendelian randomization; MR-PRESSO, MR Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier.