Table 1.
Individual and Hospital Characteristics among Delivery Discharges of Black Birthing People by Structural Racism Measure, United States (2008–2011)
| ICE Quintile | Black-white Incarceration Quintile | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total No., (%) (ICE) | Quintile 1 (Concentrated Privilege) % |
Quintile 5 (Concentrated Deprivation) % |
Total No., (%) (INC) | Quintile 1 (Low Inequality) % |
Quintile 5 (High Inequality) % |
|
| N=234,917 | (n=46,930) | (n=48,070) | N=220,624 | (n=44,532) | (n=42,733) | |
|
| ||||||
| SMM (% of total births) | 5,714 (2.4%) | 2.0% | 2.9% | 5,332 (2.4%) | 2.8% | 2.7% |
| Non-Transfusion SMM (% of total births) | 2,272 (1.0%) | 0.8% | 1.1% | 2,146 (0.9%) | 2.1% | 1.9% |
| Individual-level characteristics (column %) | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| <20 | 33,932 (14.5) | 14.1% | 16.7% | 32,214 (14.6) | 14.7% | 15.7% |
| 20–24 | 70,769 (30.1) | 29.1% | 32.5% | 67,077 (30.4) | 31.3% | 29.4% |
| 25–29 | 59,278 (25.2) | 25.2% | 24.7% | 55,482 (25.1) | 25.6% | 24.5% |
| 30–34 | 42,412 (18.1) | 18.7% | 15.8% | 39,491 (17.9) | 17.3% | 17.9% |
| 35–39 | 22,188 (9.5) | 10.0% | 7.9% | 20,545 (9.3) | 8.8% | 9.6% |
| 40–44 | 5,886 (2.5) | 2.7% | 2.2% | 5,408 (2.5) | 2.3% | 2.6% |
| >=45 | 452 (0.2) | 0.3% | 0.2% | 407 (0.2) | 0.2% | 0.2% |
| Household Income Quartile by Patient’s Zip Code | ||||||
| Quartile 1 - Highest income | 37,425 (15.9) | 23.9% | 5.3% | 36,409 (16.5) | 8.6% | 13.9% |
| Quartile 2 | 45,513 (19.3) | 17.8% | 14.1% | 42,858 (19.4) | 16.2% | 19.2% |
| Quartile 3 | 50,563 (21.5) | 22.1% | 16.5% | 48,505 (21.9) | 23.9% | 23.1% |
| Quartile 4 - Lowest income | 101,416 (43.3) | 36.1% | 64.2% | 92,852 (42.2) | 51.2% | 43.8% |
| Payer | ||||||
| Private | 81,110 (34.5) | 34.3% | 23.1% | 77,163 (34.9) | 28.9% | 37.0% |
| Public | 143,570 (61.2) | 61.7% | 71.5% | 133,949 (60.8) | 65.4% | 58.4% |
| Other | 10,237 (4.3) | 4.1% | 5.5% | 9,512 (4.3) | 5.8% | 4.5% |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| 0 | 135,681 (57.7) | 58.5% | 56.4% | 127,432 (57.8) | 59.2% | 56.9% |
| 1 | 53,886 (22.9) | 22.9% | 22.9% | 50,626 (22.9) | 22.8% | 22.8% |
| 2 or more | 45,350 (19.3) | 18.6% | 20.7% | 42,56 (19.3) | 18.1% | 20.3% |
| Hospital-level characteristics (column %) | ||||||
| Hospital Location/Teaching | ||||||
| Rural | 11,668 (4.8) | 4.4% | 10.3% | 11,668 (5.1) | 9.4% | 0.8% |
| Urban - nonteaching | 74,483 (31.8) | 39.1% | 12.5% | 73,772 (33.5) | 44.2% | 21.4% |
| Urban - teaching | 148,766 (63.4) | 56.5% | 77.2% | 135,184 (61.4) | 46.5% | 77.8% |
| Hospital Ownership | ||||||
| Private - Investor Owned | 25,900 (11.5) | 6.1% | 16.6% | 25,900 (12.2) | 20.2% | 2.9% |
| Private - Nonprofit | 173,302 (73.7) | 79.2% | 61.6% | 160,168 (72.5) | 46.4% | 85.3% |
| Public | 35,715 (14.9) | 14.7% | 21.9% | 34,556 (15.3) | 33.4% | 11.8% |
| Hospital Bed Size | ||||||
| Small | 19,523 (7.5) | 8.1% | 7.7% | 17,883 (7.3) | 7.6% | 11.6% |
| Medium | 56,958 (24.2) | 24.6% | 14.8% | 51,773 (23.4) | 15.1% | 28.5% |
| Large | 158,436 (68.3) | 77.5% | 77.5% | 150,968 (69.3) | 77.4% | 59.9% |
| Hospital Region | ||||||
| Northeast | 60,281 (26.4) | 38.2% | 39.3% | 46,137 (21.7) | 0.0% | 37.0% |
| Midwest | 22,228 (9.5) | 9.7% | 0.0% | 22,228 (10.1) | 0.0% | 38.1% |
| South | 119,748 (50.4) | 39.8% | 60.8% | 119,599 (53.7) | 94.6% | 21.8% |
| West | 32,660 (13.6) | 12.2% | 0.0% | 32,660 (14.5) | 5.4% | 3.1% |
| Predominantly Black Serving | ||||||
| No | 156,710 (84.4) | 100.0% | 50.2% | 146,295 (65.9) | 87.6% | 79.5% |
| Yes | 78,207 (15.6) | 0.0% | 49.8% | 74,329 (34.1) | 12.4% | 20.5% |