Table 1.

Sociodemographic Characteristics of WIC-Eligible Participating and Nonparticipating Children, NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–2016¹

	2005–20082			2011–20162
	Non-WIC	WIC	P-value 4	Non-WIC	WIC	P-value 4
Child Characteristics
Age in Years	2.94 (0.86)	2.82 (0.84)	0.049	3.00 (0.83)	2.84 (0.83)	0.003
Female	49.8%	47.4%	0.510	51.96%	50.08%	0.577
Race/Ethnicity			0.002			< 0.001
Non-Hispanic White	34.04%	21.77%		27.49%	16.07%
Non-Hispanic Black	21.75%	22.78%		32.33%	31.98%
Mexican American	30.53%	39.72%		18.43%	26.05%
Other Hispanic	7.02%	10.08%		9.06%	15.29%
Other race3	6.67%	5.65%		12.69%	10.61%
US Born	93.68%	98.59%	< 0.001	95.77%	99.22%	< 0.001
Household Characteristics
Marital Status			0.012			0.493
Married/Living with partner	71.58%	62.70%		60.42%	64.12%
Widowed/Divorced/Separated	15.44%	16.13%		17.82%	15.44%
Never married	12.98%	21.17%		21.75%	20.44%
Educational Attainment			< 0.001			< 0.001
Less than high school	34.74%	53.23%		25.38%	38.69%
High school graduate/GED	31.58%	21.57%		29.31%	27.93%
Some college/AA degree	24.91%	21.37%		35.05%	27.61%
College graduate or higher	8.77%	3.83%		10.27%	5.77%
Income-Poverty Ratio	1.01 (0.46)	0.82 (0.42)	< 0.001	0.95 (0.47)	0.85 (0.47)	0.002
Received SNAP	36.84%	57.46%	< 0.001	54.98%	70.51%	< 0.001
Food Security			0.104			0.020
Full security	52.28%	44.56%		46.22%	36.97%
Marginal security	16.84%	18.35%		19.03%	22.15%
Low/Very low security	30.88%	37.10%		34.74%	40.87%
Observations	285	496		331	641

¹Data shown are means or percentages.

²Standard deviations are in parentheses.

³Other race also includes multi-racial individuals.

⁴Statistically significant p-values are bold (p < 0.05).