Table 4.
Results from Adjusted Difference-in-Difference Analysis with Propensity Score Weighting, NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–20161
| 2005–2008 |
2011–2016 |
Difference-in-Difference2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEI-2015 Scores | Non-WIC | WIC | Difference2 | Non-WIC | WIC | Difference2 | |
|
|
|
||||||
| Total Score | 57.83 | 60.96 | 3.13 (1.02)** | 64.84 | 67.82 | 2.98 (0.89)** | −0.15 (1.33) |
| Total Fruits | 3.79 | 4.20 | 0.42 (0.17)* | 4.25 | 4.42 | 0.17 (0.14) | −0.25 (0.22) |
| Whole Fruits | 3.29 | 3.66 | 0.37 (0.21)+ | 3.79 | 3.91 | 0.11 (0.16) | −0.26 (0.26) |
| Total Vegetables | 2.34 | 2.51 | 0.17 (0.13) | 2.53 | 2.69 | 0.16 (0.10) | −0.01 (0.17) |
| Greens and Beans | 2.44 | 2.57 | 0.14 (0.17) | 3.00 | 3.16 | 0.16 (0.15) | 0.03 (0.22) |
| Whole Grains | 0.70 | 0.82 | 0.12 (0.19) | 1.84 | 1.92 | 0.09 (0.22) | −0.03 (0.29) |
| Dairy | 9.53 | 9.74 | 0.21 (0.25) | 10.30 | 10.25 | −0.05 (0.21) | −0.26 (0.33) |
| Total Protein Foods | 4.06 | 4.07 | 0.01 (0.11) | 4.08 | 4.13 | 0.05 (0.10) | 0.04 (0.15) |
| Seafood and Plant Proteins | 3.52 | 3.45 | −0.07 (0.20) | 3.92 | 4.15 | 0.23 (0.16) | 0.30 (0.25) |
| Fatty Acids | 2.07 | 2.04 | −0.03 (0.26) | 2.92 | 3.52 | 0.60 (0.24)* | 0.64 (0.36)+ |
| Refined Grains | 8.08 | 8.41 | 0.33 (0.29) | 8.94 | 9.06 | 0.13 (0.27) | −0.20 (0.40) |
| Sodium | 5.69 | 5.96 | 0.28 (0.28) | 5.12 | 5.20 | 0.08 (0.24) | −0.19 (0.37) |
| Added Sugars | 6.72 | 7.63 | 0.91 (0.28)** | 7.42 | 8.02 | 0.61 (0.22)** | −0.30 (0.35) |
| Saturated Fats | 5.59 | 5.89 | 0.30 (0.31) | 6.74 | 7.38 | 0.64 (0.24)** | 0.34 (0.39) |
|
| |||||||
| Observations | 285 | 496 | 331 | 641 | 1,753 | ||
1
All models adjusted for age, sex, race, nativity, marital status, education, income–poverty ratio, SNAP status, food security status, and survey year.
2
Standard errors are in parenthesis.
+
p < 0.1
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001