Table 3.

MANOVA test results with effects of independent variables on combined TPACK components

	Combined scale components
	Pillai’s trace	F	df	Error df	Sig.
Gender	0.059	4.732	7	533	0.000b
Teaching experience	0.032	2.557	7	533	0.013a
Training	0.017	1.290	7	533	0.253
Platform	0.033	2.569	7	533	0.013a

^ap ≤ 0.05

^bp ≤ 0.001