Table 4.

Classification of fake news definitions based on the used term and features

	Fake news	Misinformation	Disinformation	False information	Malinformation	Information disorder
Intent and authenticity	Shu et al. (2017), Sharma et al. (2019), Mustafaraj and Metaxas (2017), Klein and Wueller (2017), Potthast et al. (2017), Allcott and Gentzkow (2017), Zhou and Zafarani (2020), Zhang and Ghorbani (2020), Conroy et al. (2015), Celliers and Hattingh (2020), Nakov (2020), Shu et al. (2020c), Tandoc Jr et al. (2021), Abu Arqoub et al. (2022),Molina et al. (2021), de Cock Buning (2018), Meel and Vishwakarma (2020)	Wu et al. (2019), Shu et al. (2020c), Islam et al. (2020), Hameleers et al. (2022)	Kapantai et al. (2021), Shu et al. (2020a), Shu et al. (2020c),Kumar et al. (2016), Jungherr and Schroeder (2021), Starbird et al. (2019), de Cock Buning (2018), Bastick (2021), Bringula et al. (2022), Tsang (2020), Hameleers et al. (2022), Wu et al. (2022)	–	Shu et al. (2020c), Di Domenico et al. (2021), Dame Adjin-Tettey (2022)	Wardle and Derakhshan (2017), Wardle Wardle (2018), Derakhshan and Wardle (2017), Shu et al. (2020c)
Intent or authenticity	Jin et al. (2016), Rubin et al. (2016), Balmas (2014),Brewer et al. (2013), Egelhofer and Lecheler (2019), Lazer et al. (2018), Allen et al. (2020), Guadagno and Guttieri (2021), Van der Linden et al. (2020), ERGA (2018)	Pennycook and Rand (2019), Shao et al. (2016), Shao et al. (2018b),Micallef et al. (2020), Ha et al. (2021), Singh et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2022)	Marsden et al. (2020), Ireton and Posetti (2018), ERGA (2021), Baptista and Gradim (2022)	Habib et al. (2019)	Carmi et al. (2020)	–
Intent and knowledge	Weiss et al. (2020)	–	Bhattacharjee et al. (2020), Khan et al. (2019)	Kumar and Shah (2018), Guo et al. (2020)	–	–