Table 7.

The features, detection cues and datasets used int the social context-based approaches

Feature and metadata	Detection cues	Datasets	Reference
Users’ sharing behaviors, explicit and implicit profile features	User-based: user profile information	FakeNewsNet	Shu et al. (2019b)
Users’ trust level, explicit and implicit profile features of “experienced” users who can recognize fake news items as false and “naive” users who are more likely to believe fake news	User-based: user engagement	FakeNewsNet, BuzzFeed, PolitiFact	Shu et al. (2018b)
Users’ replies on fake content, the reply stances	User-based: user response	RumourEval, PHEME	Zhang et al. (2019a)
Historical user responses to previous articles	User-based: user response	Weibo, Twitter dataset	Qian et al. (2018)
Speaker name, job title, political party affiliation, etc.	User-based: user profile information	LIAR	Wang et al. (2019b)
Latent relationships among users, the influence of the users with high prestige on the other users	Networks-based: user relationships	Twitter15 and Twitter16${}^{\text{a}}$	Mishra (2020)
The inherent tri-relationships among publishers, news items and users (i.e., publisher-news relations and user-news interactions)	Networks-based: diffusion patterns	FakeNewsNet	Shu et al. (2019b)
Propagation paths of news stories constructed from the retweets of source tweets	Networks-based: news propagation path	Weibo, Twitter15, Twitter16	Liu and Wu (2018)
The propagation of messages in a social network	Networks-based: news propagation path	Twitter dataset	Wu and Liu (2018)
Spatiotemporal information (i.e., location, timestamps of user engagements), user’s Twitter profile, the user engagement to both fake and real news	User-based: user engagement	FakeNewsNet, PolitiFact, GossipCop, Twitter	Nyow and Chua (2019)
The credibility of information sources, characteristics of the user, and their social graph	User and network-based: user profile information and user relationships	Ego-Twitter${}^{\text{b}}$	Hamdi et al. (2020)
Number of follows and followers on social media (user followee/follower, The friendship network), users’ similarities	User and network-based: user profile information, user engagement and user relationships	FakeNewsNet	Jiang et al. (2019)

${}^{\text{a}}$ https://www.dropbox.com/s/7ewzdrbelpmrnxu/rumdetect2017.zip, last access date: 26-12-2022${}^{\text{b}}$ https://snap.stanford.edu/data/ego-Twitter.html, last access date: 26-12-2022