TABLE 1.

Characteristics of participants (n = 157).

Characteristics	Healthy controls		People with schizophrenia		p-value
	n	%	n	%
Total	47	100.0	110	100.0
Gender
Male	30	63.8	71	64.6	0.932
Female	17	36.2	39	35.5
Highest education level
Secondary school or less (grade < 12)	3	6.4	47	42.7	<0.001
High school or higher (grade ≥ 12)	44	93.6	63	57.3
Family psychiatric history
No	47	100.0	99	90.0	0.025
Yes	0	0	11	10.0
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age	40.2	11.1	42.3	12.2	0.177
Age at illness onset (years)	-	-	27.6	8.2
Duration of treated illness (years)	-	-	17.6	9.8
Duration of untreated illness (months)	-	-	9.7	25.9
Olanzapine dose equivalent	-	-	13.0	7.1
Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS)
Positive			18.6	5.8
Negative			19.4	6.3
General			41.6	12.1
Total score of PANSS			79.8	22.4