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. 2022 Jul 14;2:10550. doi: 10.3389/adar.2022.10550

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Copyright © 2022 Varsha, Nagarkatti and Nagarkatti.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cannabinoids and gut microbiota. (A) Cannabinoid mediated microbiome modulation: endogenous or exogenous cannabinoids increase the beneficial bacteria which produce TJPs that improve gut barrier integrity and AMPs that eliminate pathogens. (B) Immunomodulatory mechanisms of microbial metabolites: microbiota generated secondary bile acids, SCFAs, and indole metabolites modulate various receptors leading to decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune suppression. AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; AMP, antimicrobial protein; CBR, cannabinoid receptor; CBs, cannabinoids; CNS, central nervous system; eCBs, endocannabinoids; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; GPR, G-protein-coupled receptors; HDACs, histone deacetylases; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; K, potassium; TJP, tight junction proteins; T-reg, regulatory T cell.