Table 4.
Characteristics of studies with compelling or promising evidence.
| Study | Country or territory | Study design | Number of study groups | Caregiver–child language intervention name |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 through 23 months | ||||
| Developmental disorder | ||||
| Fey et al., 2013 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Milieu Communication Teaching - High Intensity |
| b. Milieu Communication Teaching - Low Intensity | ||||
| Mahoney & Powell, 1988 | USA | SG | 1 | a. Transactional Intervention Program |
| Yoder & Warren, 2002 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Responsivity Education and Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching |
| Autism | ||||
| Brian et al., 2016 | Canada | SG | 1 | a. Social ABCs |
| Carter et al., 2011 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Hanen More Than Words |
| Stahmer et al., 2020 | USA | Non-RCT | 2 | a. Project ImPACT for Toddlers |
| Language delay/disorder | ||||
| Rajesh & Venkatesh, 2019 | India | SG | 1 | a. Low-Intensity Parent Training Program |
| 24 through 35 months | ||||
| Developmental disorder | ||||
| Cycyk et al., 2020 | USA | SG | 1 | a. Language and Play Every Day en Español Intervention |
| Fey et al., 2006 | USA | RCT | 6 | a. Responsivity Education/Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching - Down syndrome |
| b. Responsivity Education/Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching - Other Etiology | ||||
| Iven et al., 1989 | USA | SG | 1 | a. Pragmatic Interaction Strategies Intervention |
| Pennington et al., 2009 | Australia UK |
SG | 1 | a. It Takes Two to Talk |
| Romski et al., 2010 | USA | RCT | 3 | a. Parent-Implemented Communication Intervention - Augmented Communication Input |
| b. Parent-Implemented Communication Intervention - Spoken communication | ||||
| c. Augmented Communication Output | ||||
| Yang, 2016 | USA | SG | 1 | a. Musical Bonds Program |
| Autism | ||||
| Barrett et al., 2020 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Pivotal Response Intervention for Social Motivation |
| Liu & Schertz, 2021 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Joint Attention Mediated Learning |
| Rogers et al., 2019 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Enhanced Parent-Implemented Early Start Denver Model |
| b. Parent-Implemented Early Start Denver Model | ||||
| Rollins et al., 2019 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Pathways |
| Language delay/disorder | ||||
| Baxendale & Hesketh, 2003 | UK | Non-RCT | 2 | a. Hanen Parent Program |
| b. Conventional Clinic | ||||
| Ciccone et al., 2012 | Australia | SG | 1 | a. Parent-Focused Early Intervention Program |
| Falkus et al., 2016 | UK | SG | 1 | a. Parent–child Interaction Therapy |
| Gibbard & Smith, 2016 | UK | SG | 1 | a. Enhanced Parent-Based Intervention |
| Girolametto et al., 1996 | Canada | RCT | 2 | a. Hanen Program for Parents |
| McDade & McCartan, 1998 | UK | Non-RCT | 2 | a. Hanen Program |
| Pearce et al., 1996 | Canada | RCT | 2 | a. Hanen Program for Parents |
| Roberts & Kaiser, 2012 | USA | RCT | 3 | a. Parent-implemented Enhanced Milieu Teaching |
| Roberts & Kaiser, 2015 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Enhanced Milieu Teaching |
| Suttora et al., 2021 | Italy | Non-RCT | 2 | a. Oltre il Libro – Dialogic Book Reading |
| Tannock et al., 1992 | Canada | RCT | 4 | a. Hanen Early Language Parent Program |
| 36 through 48 months | ||||
| Developmental disorder | ||||
| Girolametto et al., 1998 | Canada | RCT | 2 | a. Hanen Program |
| Girolametto, 1988 | Canada | RCT | 2 | a. Hanen Early Language Parent Program |
| Kaiser & Roberts, 2013 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Parent + Therapist Enhanced Milieu Teaching |
| Kot & Law, 1995 | UK | RCT | 2 | a. Parent Linguistic Input |
| Weistuch et al., 1991 | USA | Non-RCT | 3 | a. Language Interaction Intervention Program – Site 1 |
| b. Language Interaction Intervention Program – Site 2 | ||||
| Autism | ||||
| Aldred et al., 2004 | UK | RCT | 2 | a. Social Communication Intervention |
| Alquraini et al., 2018 | Saudi Arabia | RCT | 2 | a. Responsive Teaching |
| Braiden et al., 2012 | Northern Ireland | SG | 1 | a. Forward Steps Early Intervention Program with TEACCH Approach |
| Casenhiser et al., 2013 | Canada | RCT | 2 | a. Milton & Ethel Harris Research Initiative |
| Green et al., 2010 | UK | RCT | 2 | a. Preschool Autism Communication Trial |
| Hampton et al., 2020 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Joint Attention, Structured Play, Engagement and Regulation plus Enhanced Milieu Teaching plus Speech-Generating Device |
| Ingersoll & Wainer, 2013 | USA | SG | 1 | a. Project ImPACT |
| Ingersoll et al., 2016 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Therapist-Assisted ImPACT Group |
| b. Self-Directed ImPACT Group | ||||
| Matthews et al., 2018 | USA | Non-RCT | 2 | a. JumpStart |
| McGarry et al., 2020 | USA | SG | 1 | a. Pivotal Response Training |
| Minjarez et al., 2011 | USA | SG | 1 | a. Pivotal Response Training |
| Noyan Erbas et al., 2020 | Turkey | SG | 1 | a. Hanen More Than Words |
| Sengupta et al., 2020 | India | SG | 1 | a. Project ImPACT |
| Venker et al., 2012 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Hanen More Than Words |
| Wainer et al., 2021 | USA | RCT | 2 | a. Stepped-care Online Reciprocal Imitation Training |
| Language delay/disorder | ||||
| Tannock et al., 1992 | Canada | RCT | 4 | a. Hanen Early Language Parent Program |
Note. RCT = randomized control trial; SG = single group; TEACCH = Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children; ImPACT = Improving Parents as Communication Teachers.