Table 6.
Summary of intervention trainer, language, location, and dosage.
| Study | Caregiver–child language intervention name | Intervention trainer | Language of intervention | Intervention location | Intervention dosage |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of sessions | Session length | Duration of intervention | Frequency of sessions | |||||
| 12 through 23 months | ||||||||
| Developmental disorder | ||||||||
| Fey et al., 2013 | a. Milieu Communication Teaching - High Intensity | Trained paraprofessionals | English | Home | 9 | 1 hr | 3 months | Weekly |
| b. Milieu Communication Teaching - Low Intensity | Trained paraprofessionals | English | Home | 9 | 1 hr | 3 months | Weekly | |
| Mahoney & Powell, 1988 | a. Transactional Intervention Program | Teacher consultant | English | Home | — | — | 11.5 months | Weekly |
| Yoder & Warren, 2002 | a. Responsivity Education and Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching | Researcher | English | Unspecified location | 12 | — | — | — |
| Autism | ||||||||
| Brian et al., 2016 | a. Social ABCs | Parent educator | English | Home | 12 | 1–1.5 hr | 8.7 months | 3/week, then taper |
| Carter et al., 2011 | a. Hanen More Than Words | Speech-language pathologist | English | Home; unspecified location |
3 home; 8 group | — | 3.5 months | — |
| Stahmer et al., 2020 | a. Project ImPACT for Toddlers | Trained early intervention providers | English | Home; early childhood education setting |
— | 2.5 hr/week | 12 weeks | — |
| Language delay/disorder | ||||||||
| Rajesh & Venkatesh, 2019 | a. Low-Intensity Parent Training Program | — | English; Tamil |
Home | 3 | 1 hr | 1 week | 3/week |
| Average (SD) Min–max |
Sessions: 9.33 (3.39) 3–12 |
Minutes: 81.0 (39.12) 60–150 |
Weeks: 19.4 (16.86) 1–50 |
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| 24 through 35 months | ||||||||
| Developmental disorder | ||||||||
| Cycyk et al., 2020 | a. Language and Play Every Day en Español Intervention | Speech-language pathologist; Bilingual graduate students |
English; Spanish |
Home; Community location |
Group: 6; individual: 2 |
1–2 hr | 3 months | — |
| Fey et al., 2006 | a. Responsivity Education/Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching - Down syndrome | Speech-language pathologist | English | Home | 8 | 1 hr | 6 months | — |
| b. Responsivity Education/Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching - Other Etiology | Speech-language pathologist | English | Home | 8 | 1 hr | 6 months | — | |
| Iven et al., 1989 | a. Pragmatic Interaction Strategies Intervention | — | English | — | 4 | 1 hr | 4 weeks | Weekly |
| Pennington et al., 2009 | a. It Takes Two to Talk | Speech-language pathologist | English | Home; unspecified location |
Home: 3; group: 7–8 |
Group: 2.5 hr | 13 weeks | — |
| Romski et al., 2010 | a. Parent-Implemented Communication Intervention - Augmented Communication Input | Trained interventionist | English | Home; university setting |
Home: 6; university: 18 |
30 min | 12 weeks | Home: 2/week; University: 3/week |
| b. Parent-Implemented Communication Intervention - Spoken communication | Trained interventionist | English | Home; university setting |
Home: 6; university: 18 |
30 min | 12 weeks | Home: 2/week; University: 3/week |
|
| c. Augmented Communication Output | Trained interventionist | English | Home; university setting |
24 | 30 min | 12 weeks | Home: 2/week; University: 3/week |
|
| Yang, 2016 | a. Musical Bonds Program | Music therapist | English | Home | 6 | 40 min | 6 weeks | Weekly |
| Autism | ||||||||
| Barrett et al., 2020 | a. Pivotal Response Intervention for Social Motivation | Graduate student clinician | English | — | — | 8 hr/week | 6 months | — |
| Liu & Schertz, 2021 | a. Joint Attention Mediated Learning | Intervention coordinators | English | Home | 32 | 1 hr | 8 months | Weekly |
| Rogers et al., 2019 | a. Enhanced Parent-Implemented Early Start Denver Model | Psychologist; speech-language pathologist; behavior analysts family therapist |
English | Home; clinic | 24 | 1.5 hr | 12 weeks | 2/week |
| b. Parent-Implemented Early Start Denver Model | Psychologist; speech-language pathologist; behavior analysts family therapist |
English | Clinic | 12 | 1.5 hr | 12 weeks | Weekly | |
| Rollins et al., 2019 | a. Pathways | Clinician | English; Spanish |
Home | 11 | 1.5 hr | — | Weekly |
| Language delay/disorder | ||||||||
| Baxendale et al., 2003 | a. Hanen Parent Program | Speech-language pathologist | English | Group based: Not reported; Home |
Group: 8; home: 3 | Group: 2.25 hr | 11 weeks | Group: Weekly |
| b. Conventional Clinic | Speech-language pathologist | English | Clinic; nursery |
8–12 | 45 min | 8–12 weeks | Weekly | |
| Ciccone et al., 2012 | a. Parent-Focused Early Intervention Program | Speech-language pathologist; trained students |
English | School classroom | 6 | 1.25 hr | 6 weeks | Weekly |
| Falkus et al., 2016 | a. Parent–child Interaction Therapy | Therapist | English | Clinic | 4 | 1 hr | 10 weeks | — |
| Gibbard & Smith, 2016 | a. Enhanced Parent-Based Intervention | Speech-language pathologist; teacher |
English | Home; Early childhood education setting |
20 | 1.5 hr | 20 weeks | Weekly |
| Girolametto et al., 1996 | a. Hanen Program for Parents | speech-language pathologist; parent associate |
English | Home; unspecified location |
8 group; 3 individual | Group: 2.5 hr | 11 weeks | — |
| McDade & McCartan, 1998 | a. Hanen Program | — | English | Home; unspecified location |
Home: 3; other: 9 |
— | 12 weeks | — |
| Pearce et al., 1996 | a. Hanen Program for Parents | Speech-language pathologist (Hanen certified) | English | — | Group: 7; individual: 3 |
— | — | — |
| Roberts & Kaiser, 2012 | a. Parent-implemented Enhanced Milieu Teaching | Speech-language pathologist | English | Home; clinic |
28 | 1 hr | 3 months | 2/week |
| Roberts & Kaiser, 2015 | a. Enhanced Milieu Teaching | Trained interventionist | English | Clinic; home |
Clinic: 4; home: 24 |
1 hr | 3 months | 2/week |
| Suttora et al., 2021 | a. Oltre il Libro – Dialogic Book Reading | Psychologist | Italian | — | 6 | 2 hr | 2 months | — |
| Tannock et al., 1992 | a. Hanen Early Language Parent Program | Parent educator; speech-language pathologist |
English | Home; unspecified |
Group: 9; individual: 3 |
Group: 2.5 hr | 12 weeks | Weekly |
| Average (SD) Min-max |
Sessions: 14.40 (8.50) 4–32 |
Minutes: 78.90 (37.92) 30–150 |
Weeks: 13.46 (6.62) 4–32 |
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| 36 through 48 months | ||||||||
| Developmental disorder | ||||||||
| Girolametto et al., 1998 | a. Hanen Program | Speech-language pathologist (Hanen certified) | English | Clinic; home |
Group: 9; home: 4 |
Group: 2.5 hr | 13 weeks | Weekly |
| Girolametto, 1988 | a. Hanen Early Language Parent Program | Speech-language pathologist; parent assistant |
— | Program center; home | Group: 8; individual: 3 | Group: 3 hr | 11 weeks | — |
| Kaiser & Roberts, 2013 | a. Parent + Therapist Enhanced Milieu Teaching | Trained interventionist | English | Clinic; home |
Workshop: 1; clinic: 24; home: 12 |
Workshop: 2–3 hr; Home: 20 min |
3 months | Clinic: 2/Week; Home: Weekly |
| Kot & Law, 1995 | a. Parent Linguistic Input | Speech-language pathologist; child development worker |
English | — | 7 | — | 7 weeks | Weekly |
| Weistuch et al., 1991 | a. Language Interaction Intervention Program – Site 1 | Speech-language pathologist | English | Early childhood education setting | 40 | 2 hr | — | Weekly |
| b. Language Interaction Intervention Program – Site 2 | Speech-language pathologist | English | Early childhood education setting | 40 | 2 hr | — | Weekly | |
| Autism | ||||||||
| Aldred et al., 2004 | a. Social Communication Intervention | Therapist | English | — | 9 + workshops | — | 12 months | Monthly then bi-monthly |
| Alquraini et al., 2018 | a. Responsive Teaching | Trained interventionist | Arabic | Home; center |
16 | 1 hr | 4 months | Weekly |
| Braiden et al., 2012 | a. Forward Steps Early Intervention Program with TEACCH Approach | Trained TEACCH facilitators | English | Home; unspecified location |
Home: 8; other: 6 |
Home; 1–2 hr; Other: 2–3 hr |
10 weeks | Weekly |
| Casenhiser et al., 2013 | a. Milton & Ethel Harris Research Initiative | Speech-language pathologist; occupational therapist |
English | — | 52 | 2 hr | 12 months | Weekly |
| Green et al., 2010 | a. Preschool Autism Communication Trial | Speech-language pathologist | English | Home; clinic |
18 | 2 hr | 1 year | 6 mo: 2/week; 6 mo: monthly |
| Hampton et al., 2020 | a. Joint Attention, Structured Play, Engagement and Regulation plus Enhanced Milieu Teaching plus Speech-Generating Device | Master-level clinician | English | Home; clinic |
40 | 40–90 min | 4 months | 3/Week |
| Ingersoll & Wainer, 2013 | a. Project ImPACT | Teacher | English | Central location in school district | Group: 6; individual: 6 |
Group: 2 hr; Individual: 45 min |
12 weeks | Weekly |
| Ingersoll et al., 2016 | a. Therapist-Assisted ImPACT Group | Trained interventionist | English | Home | Online: 12; video conferencing: 24 |
Online: 1.25 hr Video: 30 min |
6 months | 3/Week |
| b. Self-Directed ImPACT Group | NA | English | Home | 12 | 1.25 hr | 6 months | Weekly | |
| Matthews et al., 2018 | a. JumpStart | BCBA clinician; trained interventionist |
English | Clinic | 8 | 2.5 hr | 4 weeks | 2/Week |
| McGarry et al., 2020 | a. Pivotal Response Training | — | English | Online | 6 | 15–30 min | 9.5 weeks | Weekly |
| Minjarez et al., 2011 | a. Pivotal Response Training | Psychologist specializing in PRT | English | Clinic | Group: 10; individual: 1 |
Group: 1.5 hr; individual: 50 min |
11 weeks | Weekly |
| Noyan Erbas et al., 2020 | a. Hanen More Than Words | Researcher; Hanen therapist | Turkish | University setting; home | Group: 8; video: 3 |
— | — | — |
| Sengupta et al., 2020 | a. Project ImPACT | Speech-language pathologist; occupational therapist; psychologist; special educators |
English; Hindi |
Child development center | Group: 6; individual: 6 |
Group: 2 hr; individual: 1 hr |
6 weeks | Weekly |
| Venker et al., 2012 | a. Hanen More Than Words | Speech-language pathologist (Hanen certified) | English | University setting | Group: 5; individual: 2; small group: 14 |
Parent Group: 2 hr; individual: 45 min; Small group: 1 hr |
— | — |
| Wainer et al., 2021 | a. Stepped-care Online Reciprocal Imitation Training | Researcher | English | Home | Self-paced: 5; telecoaching: 5 |
— | 10 weeks | Weekly |
| Language delay/disorder | ||||||||
| Tannock et al., 1992 | a. Hanen Early Language Parent Program | Parent educator speech-language pathologist | English | Unspecified group location home | Group: 9; individual: 3 | Group: 2.5 hr; individual: Not reported | 12 weeks | Weekly |
| Average (SD) Min-max |
Sessions: 19.48 (13.65) 6–52 |
Minutes: 90.5 (45.83) 20–180 |
Weeks: 18.82 (14.38) 6–52 |
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Note. Only studies where the language intervention group had promising or compelling evidence are included in the table. Em dashes indicate data not reported. TEACCH = Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children; ImPACT = Improving Parents as Communication Teachers.