Table 2:
Author (year) | No. participants (female) | Participant age, y | Age at onset, y | Illness duration, y | Mean no. of episodes | Score of severity (scale type) | Medication status | Substance misuse | MRI field strength, subfield segmentation | Study design | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||
Patients | Healthy controls | p for sex | Patients | Healthy controls | p for age | |||||||||
Ho et al.16 (2017) | 155 (49) | 79 (28) | 0.66 | 32.5 | 31.2 | 0.30 | 25.9 | 6.6 | NA | 40.6 (PANSS) | CPZ-eq: 212.32 ± 191.25 mg/d | No substance misuse 3 mo preceding the study | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 5.3) | Cross-sectional design; case–control; longitudinal in a subcohort; multisite |
46 (10) | 46 (10) | > 0.99 | 42.9 | 41.9 | 0.61 | 24.5 | 18.2 | NA | 81.6 (PANSS) | CPZ-eq: 532.45 ± 447.16 mg/d | ||||
Zheng et al.41 (2019) | 69 (11) | 72 (21) | 0.06 | 37.7 | 35.9 | 0.046 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Cross-sectional design; case–control |
du Plessis et al.33 (2020) | 79 (21) | 82 (35) | 0.03 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 0.97 | 22.36* | 0.64 | First-episode schizophrenia | 91.27 (PANSS) | Treated ≤ 1 mo | First-episode schizophrenia: 35 (44%) Controls: 22 (27%) |
3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Cross-sectional design; case–control; cohort |
Nakahara et al.35 (2020) | 176 (44) | 173 (50) | 0.39 | 38.9 | 37.6 | 0.27 | 21.9 | 17.1 | NA | 57.9 (PANSS) | CPZ-eq: 372 ± 390 mg/d (n = 144) | None | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Cross-sectional design; case–control; multisite |
Ohi et al.36 (2021) | 138 (83) | 162 (54) | < 0.05† | 42.0 | 36.7 | < 0.05† | 26.2 | 16.3 | NA | 33.9 (PANSS positive symptoms and PANSS negative symptoms) | CPZ-eq: 519.0 ± 524.0 mg/d | NA | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Cross-sectional design; case–control |
Sasabayashi et al.37 (2021) | 77 (38) | 87 (41) | > 0.05† | 28.8 | 26.3 | < 0.05† | 22.8 | 5.6 | NA | 68.7 (PANSS) | HPD-eq: 10.6 ± 8.3 mg/d (n = 65) | None | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Cross-sectional design; case–control; cohort |
Xiu et al.38 (2021) | 39 (23) | 30 (17) | 0.85 | 28.9 | 27.5 | 0.54 | 26.95* | 1.95 | First-episode schizophrenia | 44.5 (MCCB) | All naive | None | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 5.3) | Cross-sectional design; case–control |
Cao et al.31 (2017) | 86 (60) | 152 (96) | > 0.05† | 41.2 | 35.4 | < 0.05† | 32.3* | 8.9 | 3‡ | 10.5 (HDRS-17) | On medication: 4 | Drug use disorder < 10 | 1.5 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 5.3) | Cross-sectional design; case–control |
Doolin et al.32 (2018) | 74 (47) | 37 (19) | > 0.05 | 32.9 | 30.9 | > 0.05 | NA | NA | First-episode MDD (n = 39) > 1 (n = 35) | 23.46 (HDRS-17) | On medication: 47 Medication-free: 27 | NA | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Cross-sectional design; case–control; cohort; |
Maller et al.20 (2018) | 182 (95) | 68 (34) | > 0.05 | 33.0 | 29.6 | 0.048 | 22.2* | 10.8 | 9.6 | 21.36 (HDRS-17) | All naive or with a washout period ≥ 5 half-lives | NA | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Open-label trial |
Na et al.34 (2018) | 47 (47) | 30 (30) | > 0.05 | 45.3 | 43.0 | 0.41 | 40.6* | 4.7 | NA | 12.9 (HDRS-17) | On medication: 35 | NA | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Cross-sectional design; case–control; genes |
Xu et al.39 (2018) | 15 (15) | 12 (12) | > 0.05 | 34.6 | 34.1 | 0.51 | NA | NA | NA | 33.13 (HDRS-24) | NA | None | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Cross-sectional design; case–control |
Han et al.21 (2019) | 102 (60) | 135 (78) | > 0.05† | 36.0 | 36.0 | > 0.05† | 32.3* | 3.7 | First-episode MDD (n = 25) > 1 (n = 77) | 13.93 (HDRS-17) | On medication: most | None | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Cross-sectional design; case–control |
Roddy et al.70 (2019) | 80 (57) | 83 (49) | 0.14 | 34.5 | 31.5 | 0.13 | 32.1* | 2.4 | First-episode MDD (n = 43) > 1 (n = 37) | 22.2 (HDRS-17) | NA | None | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Cross-sectional design; case–control |
Yuan et al.40 (2020) | 41 (24) | 44 (26) | 0.96 | 34.8 | 33.3 | 0.54 | 18.3* | 16.5§ | < 3 (n = 18), ≥ 3 (n = 13)¶ | 18.3 (HDRS-17) | Naive: 16 Untreated ≥ 3 w: 25 | MDD with drug use disorder: 17 MDD without drug use disorder: 24 | 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) | Cross-sectional design; case–control |
CPZ-eq = chlorpromazine equivalent; HDRS-17 or -24 = 17- or 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HPD-eq = haloperidol equivalent; MCCB = MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery; MDD = major depressive disorder; NA = not available; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
Determined based on the difference between patient mean age and illness duration.
Inferred based on the results of the corresponding analysis of variance or χ2 test.
Median.
One participant lacked information on illness duration.
Ten participants lacked information on number of prior episodes.