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. 2023 Feb 7;48(1):E34–E49. doi: 10.1503/jpn.220086

Table 2:

Main characteristics of the studies included in the network meta-analysis (part 1 of 2)

Author (year) No. participants (female) Participant age, y Age at onset, y Illness duration, y Mean no. of episodes Score of severity (scale type) Medication status Substance misuse MRI field strength, subfield segmentation Study design

Patients Healthy controls p for sex Patients Healthy controls p for age
Ho et al.16 (2017) 155 (49) 79 (28) 0.66 32.5 31.2 0.30 25.9 6.6 NA 40.6 (PANSS) CPZ-eq: 212.32 ± 191.25 mg/d No substance misuse 3 mo preceding the study 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 5.3) Cross-sectional design; case–control; longitudinal in a subcohort; multisite
46 (10) 46 (10) > 0.99 42.9 41.9 0.61 24.5 18.2 NA 81.6 (PANSS) CPZ-eq: 532.45 ± 447.16 mg/d
Zheng et al.41 (2019) 69 (11) 72 (21) 0.06 37.7 35.9 0.046 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Cross-sectional design; case–control
du Plessis et al.33 (2020) 79 (21) 82 (35) 0.03 23.0 23.0 0.97 22.36* 0.64 First-episode schizophrenia 91.27 (PANSS) Treated ≤ 1 mo First-episode schizophrenia: 35 (44%)
Controls: 22 (27%)
3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Cross-sectional design; case–control; cohort
Nakahara et al.35 (2020) 176 (44) 173 (50) 0.39 38.9 37.6 0.27 21.9 17.1 NA 57.9 (PANSS) CPZ-eq: 372 ± 390 mg/d (n = 144) None 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Cross-sectional design; case–control; multisite
Ohi et al.36 (2021) 138 (83) 162 (54) < 0.05 42.0 36.7 < 0.05 26.2 16.3 NA 33.9 (PANSS positive symptoms and PANSS negative symptoms) CPZ-eq: 519.0 ± 524.0 mg/d NA 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Cross-sectional design; case–control
Sasabayashi et al.37 (2021) 77 (38) 87 (41) > 0.05 28.8 26.3 < 0.05 22.8 5.6 NA 68.7 (PANSS) HPD-eq: 10.6 ± 8.3 mg/d (n = 65) None 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Cross-sectional design; case–control; cohort
Xiu et al.38 (2021) 39 (23) 30 (17) 0.85 28.9 27.5 0.54 26.95* 1.95 First-episode schizophrenia 44.5 (MCCB) All naive None 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 5.3) Cross-sectional design; case–control
Cao et al.31 (2017) 86 (60) 152 (96) > 0.05 41.2 35.4 < 0.05 32.3* 8.9 3 10.5 (HDRS-17) On medication: 4 Drug use disorder < 10 1.5 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 5.3) Cross-sectional design; case–control
Doolin et al.32 (2018) 74 (47) 37 (19) > 0.05 32.9 30.9 > 0.05 NA NA First-episode MDD (n = 39) > 1 (n = 35) 23.46 (HDRS-17) On medication: 47 Medication-free: 27 NA 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Cross-sectional design; case–control; cohort;
Maller et al.20 (2018) 182 (95) 68 (34) > 0.05 33.0 29.6 0.048 22.2* 10.8 9.6 21.36 (HDRS-17) All naive or with a washout period ≥ 5 half-lives NA 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Open-label trial
Na et al.34 (2018) 47 (47) 30 (30) > 0.05 45.3 43.0 0.41 40.6* 4.7 NA 12.9 (HDRS-17) On medication: 35 NA 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Cross-sectional design; case–control; genes
Xu et al.39 (2018) 15 (15) 12 (12) > 0.05 34.6 34.1 0.51 NA NA NA 33.13 (HDRS-24) NA None 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Cross-sectional design; case–control
Han et al.21 (2019) 102 (60) 135 (78) > 0.05 36.0 36.0 > 0.05 32.3* 3.7 First-episode MDD (n = 25) > 1 (n = 77) 13.93 (HDRS-17) On medication: most None 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Cross-sectional design; case–control
Roddy et al.70 (2019) 80 (57) 83 (49) 0.14 34.5 31.5 0.13 32.1* 2.4 First-episode MDD (n = 43) > 1 (n = 37) 22.2 (HDRS-17) NA None 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Cross-sectional design; case–control
Yuan et al.40 (2020) 41 (24) 44 (26) 0.96 34.8 33.3 0.54 18.3* 16.5§ < 3 (n = 18), ≥ 3 (n = 13) 18.3 (HDRS-17) Naive: 16 Untreated ≥ 3 w: 25 MDD with drug use disorder: 17 MDD without drug use disorder: 24 3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0) Cross-sectional design; case–control

CPZ-eq = chlorpromazine equivalent; HDRS-17 or -24 = 17- or 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HPD-eq = haloperidol equivalent; MCCB = MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery; MDD = major depressive disorder; NA = not available; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

*

Determined based on the difference between patient mean age and illness duration.

Inferred based on the results of the corresponding analysis of variance or χ2 test.

Median.

§

One participant lacked information on illness duration.

Ten participants lacked information on number of prior episodes.