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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 8.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Host Microbe. 2023 Jan 4;31(2):213–227.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.12.009

Figure 7. Gluten digestion by secreted microbial proteases is key to T1D promotion.

Figure 7

(A) T1D incidence in GF and gnotobiotic mice colonized with either wild-type E. faecalis or mutant bacteria incapable of making secreted proteases and fed with HC+4%gluten diet, p values were estimated using Mantel-Cox long-rank test.

(B) Proportion (%) of gliadin-digesting bacteria in the small intestines of ex-GF mice monocolonized with the wild-type E. faecalis bacteria at the time of diabetes development or at 30-week endpoint if mice stayed diabetes-free, mean±sem. p value was calculated using Student’s t test. Points represent individual animals.

(C) Comparison of T1D incidence in gnotobiotic wild-type NOD mice of NOD mice lacking TLR4 colonized with E. faecalis and fed with HC+4%gluten diet, p values were estimated using Mantel-Cox long-rank test.