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. 2023 Jan 27;14:1102126. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102126

Table 1.

Specific basic characteristics of the included studies (SAE, Sepsis-associated encephalopathy patients; NE, no−encephalopathy septic patients; NA, not announce; h, hour; d, day; m, month; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ECLIA, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay; CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; ICA, immunochromatography assay; FICA, fluorescence immunochromatography assay; RIA, radioimmunoassay; WB, western blotting).

study and year SAE sample size
(Males/Female)
NE sample size
(Males/Female)
Age Sample Collection
time
Assay SAE S100B cutoff
(ng/mL)
Design
Chen 2019 ( 45) 42(-)
All patients: 100(56/44)
58 (–) 68 ± 5.4 ICU admission ELISA 0.53 ± 0.28 NA
Cui 2022 ( 46) 79(45/34) 121(70/51) SAE:72.78 ± 4.01
NE:72_86 ± 4.60
Within 48 h FICA 0.53 ± 0.09 Retrospective study
Erikson 2019 ( 29) 10(4/6) 12(10/2) SAE: 62.4 (49‐70.5)
NE: 61.8 (60.1‐78.5)
When CAM‐ICU assessed CLIA 0.30 (0.19‐0.59) Prospective observational study
Feng 2017 ( 31) 36(21/15) 23(14/9) SAE:52 ± 14
NE:57 ± 15
1,3 d CLIA 1d:0.33(0.15,0.54)
3d:0.19(0.10,0.29)
Retrospective study
Guo 2021 ( 26) 30(17/13) 90(42/48) SAE:57.61 ± 4.16
NE:56.91 ± 4.85
NA ELISA 0.27 ± 0.06 NA
Hamed 2009 ( 25) 16(-)
All patients:
40(24/16)
24(-) 51.75 ± 4.09 months NA ELISA 0. 24 ± 0.07 NA
Hu 2020 ( 47) 40(-) 40(-) NA 1 h,3 d,5 d ELISA 1h:0.50351 ± 0.41551
3d:0.36315 ± 0.2466
5d:0.0683 ± 0.02235
NA
Jiang 2021 ( 35) 26(18/8) 38(27/11) SAE:42.45 ± 3.48
NE:41.2 ± 3.5
4 h ELISA 0.16446 ± 0.02921 Retrospective study
Kang 2022 ( 40) 22(14/8) 25(14/11) SAE:27.5(11.3-54.5)months
NE:21.0(9.0-32.5)months
Within 24 h ELISA 1.8 ± 0.2 Retrospective study
Li 2019 ( 42) 28(-)
All patients:
100(56/44)
102(-) 58.6 ± 6.7 1 d ELISA 0.92 ± 0.15 Retrospective study
Li 2022 ( 23) 21(13/8) 20(12/8) SAE: 37 ± 5
NE: 38 ± 4
12,24,48 h NA 12h:2.38 ± 0.21
24h:3.52 ± 0.16
48h:2.45 ± 0.18
Retrospective study
Liao 2017 ( 37) 28(20/8) 10(8/2) SAE: 55 ± 13
NE: 51 ± 16
1 h,3 d ELISA 1h: 0.5 ± 0.24
3d:0.58 ± 0.33
NA
Lu 2016 ( 27) 34(24/10) 52(33/19) SAE: 59.15 ± 8.8
NE: 58.39 ± 8.14
NA NA 1.21 ± 0.15 Retrospective study
Nguyen 2014 ( 33) 107 (-)
All patients: 128(83/45)
21(-) 65 ± 14 ICU admission,4 d RIA ICU admission:0.13 (0.06, 0.49)
4d:0.12 (0.08, 0.24)
Prospective observational study
Pfister 2008 ( 34) All patients:
16(10/6)
NA 73.08 ± 8.78 NA CLIA NA NA
Wang 2019 ( 48) 48(20/28) 12(7/5) SAE: 55 ± 13
NE: 56 ± 7
1 h,3 d ELISA NA NA
Wang 2020 ( 41) 30(17/13) 30(19/11) SAE: 50.5 ± 2.3
NE: 50.8 ± 2.5
1 d WB 0.28 ± 0.04 NA
Wang 2022 ( 49) 45(29/16) 35(22/13) SAE:55.42 ± 14.63
NE: 56.37 ± 15.74
1 d,3 d ELISA 1d:0.32(0.162, 0.579)
3d:0.18(0.116, 0.307)
NA
Wu 2020 ( 30) 59(38/21) 45(32/13) SAE: 54 ± 15
NE: 58 ± 14
1,3d ECLIA 1d:0.291(0.174–0.478)
3d:0.226(0.129–0.447)
Prospective and cohort study
Yan 2019 ( 28) 58(44/14) 94(60/34) SAE: 55.8 ± 16.4
NE: 55.0 ± 18.3
Within 24 h ELISA 0.5(0.3, 1.3) Retrospective study
Yao 2014 ( 24) 48(33/15) 64(40/24) SAE: 56 ± 16
NE: 52 ± 17
1 d ECLIA 0.306 (0.157,0.880) Prospective observational study
Yu 2020 ( 39) 90(49/41) 90(47/43) SAE: 53.61 ± 12.74
NE: 52.89 ± 11.65
NA ELISA 0.96 ± 0.14 NA
Yu 2022 ( 38) 67(37/30) 95(51/44) SAE:70.3 ± 8.3
NE: 69.7 ± 8.6
NA ICA 1.03 ± 0.32 Retrospective study
Zhang 2015 ( 36) 38(24/14) 36(22/14) SAE:56 ± 17
NE: 54 ± 15
1 d ELISA 1.81 ± 0.22 Prospective study
Zhang 2016 ( 32) 29(20/9) 28(13/15) SAE:55.55 ± 12.72
NE: 56.21 ± 12.85
Within 24 h ELISA 2.50 ± 0.49 Prospective observational study
Zhao 2016 ( 44) 56(30/26) 60(32/28) SAE:47 ± 13.4
NE: 49 ± 13.2
ICU admission ELISA 0.775 ± 0.356 NA
Zhao 2020 ( 43) 22 (–)
All patients:
100(58/42)
78 (–) 65.3 ± 12.1 1 d ELISA 0.92 ± 0.11 NA
Zhao 2022 ( 50) 28(16/12) 32(18/14) SAE:55.89 ± 16.55
NE: 55.23 ± 16.71
NA ELISA 0.99 ± 0.28 NA