Table 2.

Psychological assessment.

Topics of assessment	Questionnaire	Notes for use and studies specificities
Alexithymia	Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) (39)	Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) is a 20-item self-reported questionnaire which evaluates the presence of alexithymia. It uses a 5-point Likert scale. TAS-20 measures 3 dimensions: difficulty in identifying feelings, difficulty in describing feelings to others, and externally oriented thinking. The presence of alexithymia is defined when the score is over 61; scores from 51 to 60 are considered as at risk (39).
Anxiety	State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (40)	The STAI is a 20-item self-report questionnaire which assesses the levels of state and trait anxiety. It uses a 4-point Likert scale from “not at all” to “very much”. The STAI consists of two separate self-report scales each containing 20 questions. The first one evaluates how the patients ‘currently feel’ (state anxiety). The second one assesses how they ‘generally feel’ (trait anxiety). The total score on both subscales ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater levels of anxiety. Cut-off points is 40 on either subscale for all the translations (40).
	Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (41)	The Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale is a 20-items self-report inventory which evaluates the anxiety severity. Each of the 20 items is scored using a 4-point scale ranging from 1 to 4. The anxiety score ranges from 20 to 80. In clinical screening, the recommended cut-off is the index scores of 36. In research, the cut-off of 40 would be most appropriate. (41, 42)
Axis I mental disorders	SCID-I-RV (43)	SCID-I-RV is a structured clinical interview created for making DSM-IV Axis I mental disorders diagnosis. It resumes the modules related to the DSM-IV sections.
Depression	Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (44)	The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale is a 20-items self-administered survey which assesses depression symptoms. The depression score ranges from 25 to 100. For recognizing adults with depressive disorder, the recommended cut-off is index scores of 50 and over (44).
	Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) (45)	Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) is a 27 items self-report questionnaire which assesses symptoms of depression in children and adolescents. Total score ranges from 0 to 54. The scores of 19 are considered the cut-off beyond which the subject is considered characterized by depressive symptoms, while the scores of 17 and 18 detect subjects at risk (45).
	Beck Depression Inventory (46)	The Beck Depression Inventory is a 16-item self-report questionnaire that evaluates the severity of depression. Scores ≥ 10 are representative of clinically significant depressive symptoms (46).
	Beck Depression Inventory-II (47)	Beck Depression Inventory-II is a 21-item self-report questionnaire which measures the severity of depressive symptoms. The questionnaire follows the criteria for major depressive disorder following the fourth edition of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual. Cut-off scores are: scores of 14–19 for mild depression, scores of 20–28 for moderate depression, scores ≥28 for severe depression (47).
	Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (48)	The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression is a 17-items clinical rating scale which assesses the severity of depression. The test is based on a Likert scale of either 0 to 4 or 0 to 2. Scores can range from 0 to 54. For identifying depression, scores ≥ 14 are used as a reference (48).
	Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (49)	The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale is a 40-item self-report scale that assesses the presence of dysfunctional attitudes usually held by persons predisposed to depression. Each item consists of a 7-point Likert scale (7 = fully agree; 1 = fully disagree). The score is the sum of the 40-items with a range from 40 to 280; higher scores are representative of greater dysfunction (49).
Eating attitudes and disorders	Bulimia Test—Revised (BULIT-R) (50)	The Bulimia Test-Revised is a 36-item self-report questionnaire which evaluates symptoms of bulimia nervosa and binge eating. Items are presented in a 5-point Likert scale. Scores are obtained by summing responses. Scores ≥104 can be used as a cut-off to indicate diagnosable bulimia nervosa (50).
	Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) (51).	The EAT is a 26-items self-report questionnaire which assesses symptoms of eating disorders. It includes three sub-scales: dieting (13 items), bulimia and food preoccupation (6 items), oral control (7 items). It uses a six-point scale from “never” to “always”. The score ranges between 0 and 78. The presence of abnormal eating behavior is defined when the score is at or above 20 (51).
	Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) (52)	The Multidimensional Body-Self-Relation Questionnaire is a 69-item self-report inventory which assesses self-attitudinal aspects of the body-image. Possible answers are organized on a five-point scale (from “definitely disagree” to “definitely agree”). A total score at or above 2.5 confirms the presence of Overweight Preoccupation. The MBSRQ was translated and validated in Greek population (52).
	Three Eating Factor Questionnaire (53).	The TFEQ is a 51-item self-administered questionnaire which evaluates three dimensions of eating behavior. The TFEQ consists of three subscales: cognitive restraint (0-10 low, 11-13 high, 14-21 clinical range) disinhibition, and perceived hunger. The answers are scored 0 or 1 and must be added together (53)..
	Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) (54)	Eating Disorder Inventory-2 is a 91 item self-report questionnaire which assesses eating attitudes usually associated with eating disorders. The 91 items are on a 6-point Likert scale, from never to always, and are divided into 11 main subscales: drive for thinness (DT), bulimia (BU), body dissatisfaction (BD), ineffectiveness (IN), perfectionism (P), interpersonal distrust (ID), interoceptive awareness (IA), maturity fear((MF), asceticism (ASC), impulse regulation (IR), social insecurity (SI). Subscale scores are obtained by adding all item scores on each subscale Each item can be score with a scoring system. It transforms scores ranging from 0 to 3 rather than 0 to 5: a score from 1 to 3 is considered as a “symptomatic” response (always= 3, usually=2, and often = 1), and 0 is assigned to the three “asymptomatic” responses (sometimes, rarely and never (54).
	The Adolescent Dieting Scale (ADS) (55)	The Adolescent Dieting Scale is a 8 item questionnaire that assesses three strategies of dieting: calorie counting, decrease of food intake and skipping meals. It uses a four-point scale from 0 (never) to 3 (almost always). The total score ranges from 0 to 24. A score from 1 to 6 indicates the presence of minimal dieting, a score from 7 to 14 indicates intermediate dieting, and a score of 15 or higher indicates extreme dieting (55).
Mood states	Profile of Mood States (POMS) (56)	The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a 65-item self-report questionnaire which evaluates transient mood states. The POMS examines six different mood dimensions: anger-hostility, confusion-bewilderment, depression-dejection, fatigue-inertia, tension-anxiety, and vigour-activity. The presence of a good mood is confirmed by high scores in the vigour subscale and low scores in the five other subscales. A Total score is calculated by summing the totals for the negative subscales (tension, depression, fatigue, confusion, anger) and subtracting the totals for the positive subscales (vigor and esteem-related affect) (56).
Perfectionism	Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (57)	The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale is a 35-item self-report questionnaire that assesses different levels of multidimensional perfectionism. All the items are organized in six subscales: Concern over Mistakes (9 items), Personal Standards (7 items), Parental Expectations (5 items), Parental Criticism (4 items), Doubts about Actions (4 items) and Organisation (6 items). Each item is rated on a five-point Likert Scale from 1 (disagree completely) to 5 (agree completely). The total score ranges from 35 to 175: a higher score is representative of higher levels of perfectionism (57).
Physical activity	International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (58)	The International Physical Activity Questionnaire is a 27-items self-report questionnaire that measures the physical activity in adult patients aged 15 to 69 years old. There are 3 possible levels of physical activity: low, moderate, or high. The questionnaire was translated and validated in a Greek population (58, 59)..
Self-control	Self-control Scale (60)	The Self-Control Scale is a 36-item measure which assesses the ability to cope or learned resourcefullness. It uses a 5-point scale. Higher values indicate greater self-control (60).
Sexual function	Italian McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire (61)	MFSQ-I is a questionnaire which assesses sexual function. It is divided into two factors supported by principal component analysis: Sexuality, called MFSQ-Sex (9 items) and Partnership, called MFSQ-Partner (5 items). The sexuality factor (range of scores 9–49), includes items on sexual desire, sexual arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction or enjoyment of sexual activities. The partnership factor (range of scores 5–35), includes items about satisfaction with partner as a lover, emotional closeness achieved with partner, and feeling attractive to one’s partner. In both factors, higher scores indicate higher levels of function (61).
Resilience	Brief Resilience Scale (62).	Brief Resilience Scale is a 6-item self-rating questionnaire that assesses the ability to recover from stress. It examinates personal characteristics like resilience, coping styles, social relationships, and health-related outcomes. The total score is obtained adding the value (1–5) of responses, creating a range from 6-30 and dividing the sum by the total number of questions answered. The presence of low resilience is defined when the score is under “3” (62).
Stress	Daily Stress Inventory (63)	Daily Stress Inventory (DSI) is a 58-item self-report measure that assesses the stressfulness of events occurred during the last 24-hour period. It generates three daily scores: a frequency score, an impact score, an average impact rating. They are calculated by dividing the sum of impact rating by the frequency of events (63).
	Perceived Stress Scale (64)	Perceived Stress Scale is a 14- item self-report questionnaire which assesses individual stress levels. It uses a five-point Likert scale, from “never” to “very often”. Total score ranges from 0 to 56. Scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the seven positive items and then summing. (64).
Perceptions of parental rearing behaviors	Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran; one’s memories of upbringing (EMBU)) (65)	Memories of upbringing is 81 item self-report questionnaire evaluating the own memories of parental rearing behavior. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert scale from 1 (never) to 4 (always). The study of Pentz and Radoš adopted a shorter version of 23 items that is considered as a valid equivalent cross-culturally instrument. It consists of three subscales: parental Rejection (7 items), Emotional Warmth (6 items) and Overprotection (9 items). Two forms are given, one for perception of mother’s behaviors and one of father’s behaviors (65)..
Sleep	Athens Insomnia Scale (66)	The Athens Insomnia Scale is an eight-item self-report questionnaire which assesses sleep difficulty. It is rated on a 0-3 scale. A cut-off of 6 indicates the diagnosis of insomnia. The questionnaire is validated in a Greek adult population. (66)