Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Age (y) | BMI (kg/m2) | Diabetes duration (y) | Follow-up (weeks) | Number of patients | Intervention | Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim 2014 (13) | 55.7 ± 10.4 | 31.9 ± 4.9 | / | 104 | 29 | empagliflozin 25mg qd + metformin | MRI |
| 22 | glimepiride 1-4mg qd + metformin | ||||||
| Bando 2017 (14) | 55.0 ± 8.6 | 27.6 ± 3.6 | 9.7 ± 4.4 | 12 | 40 | ipragliflozin 50 mg qd | CT |
| 22 | continued previous treatment | ||||||
| Ito 2017 (15) | 58.2 ± 10.9 | 30.3 ± 5.6 | 9.1 ± 5.8 | 24 | 32 | ipragliflozin 50 mg qd | CT |
| 34 | pioglitazone 15–30 mg qd | ||||||
| Inoue 2019 (9) | 60.7 ± 10.9 | 27.8 ± 4.2 | 17. 5± 9.4 | 24 | 24 | ipragliflozin 50 mg qd | MRI |
| 24 | continued previous treatment | ||||||
| Shimizu 2019 (16) | 56.6 ± 12.4 | 27.9 ± 4.2 | / | 24 | 33 | dapagliflozin 5mg qd | BIA |
| 24 | standard treatment | ||||||
| Han 2020 (18) | 53.9 ± 10.9 | 30.3 ± 4.6 | 9.4 ± 5.8 | 24 | 30 | ipragliflozin 50mg qd + metformin + pioglitazone | CT |
| 15 | metformin + pioglitazone | ||||||
| Sakurai 2020 (17) | 58.6 ± 12.5 | 27.6 ± 6.0 | / | 12 | 31 | empagliflozin 10 mg qd | BIA |
| 18 | standard treatment | ||||||
| Chehrehgosha 2021 (20) | 51.2 ± 8.1 | 30.5 ± 3.9 | 6.3 ± 4.7 | 24 | 35 | empagliflozin 10 mg qd | DEXA |
| 37 | placebo | ||||||
| Gaborit 2021 (19) | 56.9 ± 9.6 | 34.9 ± 6.0 | 11.1 ± 6.7 | 12 | 26 | empagliflozin 10 mg qd | MRI |
| 25 | placebo | ||||||
| Horibe 2022 (21) | 60.9 ± 9.7 | 27.8 ± 3.9 | 12.5 ± 8.1 | 24 | 26 | dapagliflozin 5 mg qd | MRI |
| 24 | standard treatment |
CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; DEXA, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis.