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. 2023 Feb 10;14:737. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36403-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a–c Effect of LsSP1 knockdown on L. striatellus survival rate (a), fecundity (b), and honeydew excretion (c). The untreated (CK) and dsGFP-treated L. striatellus were used as controls. Data in a are presented as mean values ±95% confidence intervals (displayed in light shades). Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences at P < 0.05 level according to log-rank test (a) or one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (b, c). d Comparison of electrical penetration graph (EPG) parameters between dsGFP-treated and dsLsSP1-treated L. striatellus. All EPG recordings were performed for 8 h. P-values were determined by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. **P < 0.01; ns, not significant. Data in b–d are presented as mean values ±SEM. For survival analysis in a, n = 91, n = 88, and n = 106 individuals in CK, dsGFP, and dsLsSP1, respectively; for fecundity analysis in b, n = 20 independent biological replicates in three treatments; for honeydew analysis in c, n = 16, n = 25, and n = 23 independent biological replicates in CK, dsGFP, and dsLsSP1, respectively; for EPG analysis in d, n = 11 independent biological replicates in three treatments. e Overall typical EPG waveforms over 1 h for dsGFP-treated (upper) and dsLsSP1-treated L. striatellus (lower). The insect feeding behavior was classified into nonpenetration (np), pathway duration (N1 + N2 + N3), phloem sap ingestion (N4), and xylem sap ingestion (N5) phases. The rice variety cv. ASD7 was used. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.