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. 2023 Feb 9;14:29. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34606-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Images of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining in liver sections from a control (CTR) subject and a primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) patient. Four typical portal areas were randomly selected from each section for further analyses. b Unbiased clustering of spatial transcriptomic (ST) spots in the CTR and the PBC liver sections, which identified 9 and 6 distinct clusters, respectively. c The distribution of cell linages and their proportions in the CTR and PBC liver sections. NK cells natural killer cells, cDC1 conventional type 1 dendritic cells, cDC2 conventional type 2 dendritic cells, pDC plasmacytoid dendritic cells. d Spatial distribution of annotated cell linages and their proportions in the selected 4 portal areas of the CTR and PBC liver sections. e The proportions of different types of cells in the portal areas of the CTR and PBC liver sections. CTR: n = 4, PBC: n = 4; Plotted: mean ± SEM; Statistics: two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test, 95% confidence interval; *p < 0.05. f Representative multiplex immunofluorescence (IF) photomicrographs of DUOX2⁺ACE2⁺ small cholangiocytes (CK19⁺ACE2⁺DUOX2⁺, white), B cells (CD20⁺, green), plasma cells (CD138⁺, purple), and CD27⁺ memory B cells (CD20⁺IgD^-CD27⁺, orange) in the portal areas of serial frozen liver sections of the CTR (Portal area 4) and PBC liver (Portal area 1). Scale bars: 10 μm. n = 3 independent experiments. g The distribution of B-cell receptor (BCR) clonotypes in B cell subtypes of the CTR and PBC groups. The N represents the number of cells for a clonotype; N = 1: a clonotype only in one cell; N = 2: a clonotype in two cells; and N = 3: a clonotype in ≥3 cells. The y axis represents the percentage of each clonotype in total clonotypes. CTR: n = 4 liver samples from CTR patients, PBC: n = 5 liver samples from PBC patients; Plotted: mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.