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. 2023 Feb 9;9:53. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01347-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Treg and Th17 cells are convertible in different immune microenvironments. Treg cells can be transformed into cells expressing IL-17 in the presence of IL-6 and IL-21, as well as IL-2 and IL-1β. Fasudil can effectively inhibit cell differentiation of Th17 and its ability to express IL-17. Using this inhibitor and upregulation of Treg can limit liver fibrosis in mice caused by Schistosoma japonicum infection. Rapamycin significantly reduced the level of Th17 cells in the CCL4-induced liver fibrosis model, it even can enhance the inhibitory function of Treg on HSCs.IL-35 has a similar function compared with the formers. Il-6 has an extraordinary effect on Th17/Treg balance. Il-6 can induce the development of naïve T cells into Th17 cells in the existence of TGF-β. However, its effect on Tregs has two sides. But overall, IL-6 still tilts the balance between Tregs and Th17 toward Th17 cells. DCs play dual roles in the pathways of Treg. Footnote: regulatory cells (Treg), T helper cell (Th), interleukin (IL), retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt), carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), dendritic cells (DC).