TABLE 3.
Preclinical studies on the application of cell factors to promote tendon-bone healing.
| Intervening measure | Method of delivery | Treatment outcomes | Animal model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMP-2 | Local administration | BMP-2 induces bone formation by regulating the recruitment and differentiation of bone progenitor cells, which improves tendon-bone healing and bone formation. | Rabbit ACL reconstruction | Kim et al. (2014) |
| CXCL13 | Local administration | CXCL13 is involved in the bone regeneration process treated by MSCs through the activation of ERK1/2by miR-23a, thus promoting tendon-bone healing. | Rat achilles tendon repair model | Tian et al. (2015) |
| Fibrin clots loaded with bFGF and CaPP | Local administration | Fibrin clots loaded with bFGF and CaPP enhanced cell migration and proliferation, increased bioactivity at the tendon-bone interface, and promoted tendon-bone healing. | Rabbits patellar tendon repair model | Zhang et al. (2016b) |
| Hyaluronic acid | Local administration | Hyaluronic acid-activated MSCs may play a key role in accelerating tendon to bone healing. | Rabbit RC repair model | Honda et al. (2017) |
| aFGF delivered in collagen (aFGF/collagen) | Local administration | The application of aFGF/collagen can promote early healing of the tendon-bone interface, especially when using high concentrations of aFGF/collagen. | Rabbit ACL reconstruction | Lu et al. (2018a) |
| Collagen sponges (CS) as a delivery device for osteoprotegerin (OPG)/BMP-2 | Local administration | The combination of CS and growth factor OPG/BMP-2 can ensure the slow and stable release of OPG/BMP-2 and significantly promote tendon-bone healing. | Rabbit ACL reconstruction | Wei et al. (2020) |
| HA encapsulated with TGF-β1 | Local administration | The addition of HA-TGF-β1 ceramic powder at the tendon-bone interface can increase the formation of bone and fibrocartilage, improve collagen tissue and enhance tendon-bone healing. | Rat RC repair model | You et al. (2018) |
| The GF combination of TGF-β1, Insulin-like growth factor 1, and parathyroid hormone | Local administration | GF combination can promote the proliferation and differentiation of tendon cells and improve the biomechanical and histological quality of the repaired tendon-bone interface. | Rat RC repair model | Zhu et al. (2022a) |