TABLE 5.
Preclinical studies of exosomes used to promote tendon-bone healing.
| Intervening measure | Method of delivery | Treatment outcomes | Animal model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMSC-Exos | Local administration | BMSC-Exos promotes tendon-bone healing after RC reconstruction by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting inflammation. | Rat RC repair model | Huang et al. (2020b)) |
| BMSC-Exos | Local administration | Local administration of BMSC-Exos promotes fibrochondrogenesis by increasing M2 macrophage polarization, thereby improving biomechanical properties. | Mouse achilles tendon repair model | Shi et al. (2020) |
| Mesenchymal stem cell -derived exosomes(MSC-Exos) | Local injection | MSC-Exos can significantly reduce osteoclast formation and improve the strength of tendon-bone healing, and can be used as a potential therapy for osteolysis. | Mouse achilles tendon repair model | Feng et al. (2021) |
| Purified exosome product (PEP) | Local injection | PEP promotes the migration and fusion of osteoblasts and tendon cells, especially in direct cell-cell contact, and accelerates tendon-bone healing for RC. | Rat RC repair model | Ren et al. (2021) |
| Exosomes of polyaspartic acid-polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PASP-PLGA) microcapsules | Local administration | Protein expression related to tendon regeneration and cartilage differentiation was significantly up-regulated after PASP-PLGA microcapsule exosome treatment, promoting tendon-bone interface healing after RC injury. | Rabbit RC repair model | Han et al. (2022) |
| Exosome derived from magnetically actuated (iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) | Local administration | IONP-Exos significantly prevented bone loss around the tunnel, promoted more bone inward growth in the tendon graft, and increased fibrochondrogenesis at the tendon-bone tunnel interface. | Rat ACL reconstruction | Wu et al. (2022) |
| BMSC-Exos | Local administration | BMSC-Exos promotes the polarization of M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages through miR-23a-3p, reduces the early inflammatory response at the tendon-bone interface, and promotes the early postoperative healing. | Rat ACL reconstruction | Li et al. (2022) |
| Exosomes from infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) MSCs | Local administration | IPFP MSC-derived exosomes accelerate tendon-bone healing and intraarticular graft reconstruction, which may be related to immune regulation of macrophage polarization. | Rat ACL reconstruction | Xu et al. (2022a) |