TABLE 6.
Preclinical studies of physical therapy used to promote tendon-bone healing.
| Intervening measure | Method of delivery | Treatment outcomes | Animal model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LIPUS | Local treatment | LIPUS alters the differentiation pathway of multipotent mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts and/or chondroblasts, stimulates osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts, and significantly increases the expression of BMP, which is involved in and improves tendon-bone healing. | Sheep RC repair model | Lovric et al. (2013) |
| ESW | Local treatment | ESW enhances fibrocartilage regeneration at the TBI healing interface by upregating the expression of fibrochondroscope-related manufacturers and cell factors through mechanical signaling. | Rabbit patellar tendon repair model | Chow et al. (2014) |
| LIPUS | Local treatment | The effect of LIPUS on tendon-bone healing from the 7th day after surgery was more significant | Rabbit patellar tendon repair model | Lu et al. (2016a) |
| LIPUS | Local treatment | LIPUS treatment starting at the second week after surgery can accelerate bone formation during the healing process of tendon-bone junction and significantly improve the healing quality of BTJ injury. | Rabbit patellar tendon repair model | Lu et al. (2016b) |
| Intermittent negative pressure | Local treatment | Intermittent negative pressure in the tendon to bone healing and creep replacement plays a positive role in rabbit ACL reconstruction. | Rabbits ACL reconstruction | Sun et al. (2017) |
| LIPUS | Local treatment | The healing effect of LIPUS stimulation twice a day is better than that of the treatment once a day. | Rabbit patellar tendon repair model | Lu et al. (2018b) |
| Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) | Local treatment | PEMF downregulates genes associated with fibrotic healing responses and significantly increases the rate of osteodynamic formation and the number of osteoblasts in the humeral head directly adjacent to the tendon. | Rats RC repair model | Huegel et al. (2022) |
| LIPUS | Local treatment | LIPUS accelerates the accumulation of early inflammatory macrophages and promotes the polarization of late anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). LIPUS showed a higher bone volume/total volume ratio and a better TBI maturity score after treatment. | Rat RC repair model | Xu et al. (2022b) |