Figure 2.

TTFields disrupts subcellular organelles, promotes autophagy, and perturbs cell membranes of cancer cells. (A) TTFields disrupts the structure of vacuoles, nuclei, ER, and inner membrane of cancer cells. (B) Increased autophagosome formation through upregulation of the depicted genes. (C) The disrupted cancer cell membrane in the presence of TTFields leads to changes in cellular ionic content and increased membrane permeability to molecules at least 20 kDa in size. These TTFields-induced alterations impair normal function, responses to external stimuli, and the induction of stress response in cancer cells. These effects, when combined with the increased rate of autophagosome formation, cause more cancer cell entry into cell death pathways.