Table 1.
Characteristics of all the cases included in analysis (N=3315).
| Characteristics | Instrumentation | Approach | Fusion | Levels | Other | Participants, n (%) | ||||||||
| Surgical Procedure | ||||||||||||||
|
|
Discectomy | No | Anterior | Yes | 1 | Fusion | 89 (2.7) | |||||||
|
|
Discectomy | No | Anterior | Yes | 2 | Fusion | 127 (3.8) | |||||||
|
|
Discectomy | No | Anterior | Yes | 3+ | Fusion | 202 (6.1) | |||||||
|
|
Deformity fusion | No | Posterior | Yes | 1-6 seg. | For deformity | 8 (0.2) | |||||||
|
|
Deformity fusion | No | Posterior | Yes | 7-12 seg. | For deformity | 2 (0.1) | |||||||
|
|
Lumbar fusion | No | Anterior | Yes | 2 | Lumbar | 270 (8.1) | |||||||
|
|
Lumbar fusion | No | Anterior | Yes | 3 | Lumbar | 14 (0.4) | |||||||
|
|
Oblique lumbar interbody fusion | No | Anterior | Yes | 1 | Lumbar | 1 (0.0) | |||||||
|
|
Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion | No | Transforaminal | Yes | 1 | Lumbar | 9 (0.3) | |||||||
|
|
Extreme lateral interbody fusion | No | Lateral | Yes | 1 | Lumbar | 251 (7.6) | |||||||
|
|
Extreme lateral interbody fusion | No | Lateral | Yes | 2 | Lumbar | 198 (6.0) | |||||||
|
|
Extreme lateral interbody fusion | No | Lateral | Yes | 3 | Lumbar | 63 (1.9) | |||||||
|
|
Extreme lateral interbody fusion | No | Lateral | Yes | 4 | Lumbar | 16 (0.5) | |||||||
|
|
Thoracic fusion | No | Posterior | Yes | 1 | Thoracic | 1 (0.0) | |||||||
|
|
Thoracic fusion | No | Posterior | Yes | 2 | Thoracic | 7 (0.2) | |||||||
|
|
Thoracic fusion | No | Posterior | Yes | 3 | Thoracic | 17 (0.5) | |||||||
|
|
Thoracic fusion | No | Posterior | Yes | 4 | Thoracic | 12 (0.4) | |||||||
|
|
Thoracic fusion | No | Posterior | Yes | 5+ | Thoracic | 35 (1.1) | |||||||
|
|
Kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty | No | N/A | No | 1 | All | 316 (9.5) | |||||||
|
|
Kyphoplasty | No | N/A | No | 2 | Thoracolumbar | 40 (1.2) | |||||||
|
|
Kyphoplasty | No | N/A | No | 3 | Thoracolumbar | 19 (0.6) | |||||||
|
|
Kyphoplasty | No | N/A | No | 4 | Thoracolumbar | 21 (0.6) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy or decompressive laminectomy | No | Posterior | No | 1 | Lumbar | 148 (4.5) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy or decompressive laminectomy | No | Posterior | No | 2 | Lumbar | 106 (3.2) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy or decompressive laminectomy | No | Posterior | No | 3 | Lumbar | 110 (3.3) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | No | Posterior | Yes | 5 | Cervical | 109 (3.3) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | No | Posterior | Yes | 1-4 | Cervical | 115 (3.5) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | No | Posterior | No | 1-2 | Cervical | 3 (0.1) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | No | Posterior | No | 2+ | Cervical | 31 (0.9) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | Yes | Posterior | Yes | 1 | Lumbar | 219 (6.6) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | Yes | Posterior | Yes | 2 | Lumbar | 259 (7.8) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | Yes | Posterior | Yes | 3 | Lumbar | 162 (4.9) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | Yes |
|
Yes | 4+ | Lumbar | 259 (7.8) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | Yes | Posterior | Yes | 1 | Thoracic | 9 (0.3) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | Yes | Posterior | Yes | 2 | Thoracic | 9 (0.3) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | Yes | Posterior | Yes | 3 | Thoracic | 7 (0.2) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | Yes | Posterior | Yes | 4 | Thoracic | 18 (0.5) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | Yes | Posterior | Yes | 5 | Thoracic | 30 (0.9) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | Yes | Posterior | Yes | 6+ | Thoracic | 3 (0.1) | |||||||
| Specific surgical procedure included | ||||||||||||||
|
|
Kyphoplasty | N/Aa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 396 (11.9) | |||||||
|
|
Discectomy | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 418 (12.6) | |||||||
|
|
Fusion | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2521 (76.0) | |||||||
|
|
Laminectomy | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1597 (48.2) | |||||||
| Anterior approach involved | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 702 (21.1) | ||||||||
| Number of spine levels involved | ||||||||||||||
|
|
1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1043 (31.5) | |||||||
|
|
2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1050 (31.7) | |||||||
|
|
3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 594 (17.9) | |||||||
|
|
4 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 441 (13.3) | |||||||
|
|
5 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 174 (5.2) | |||||||
|
|
6 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 11 (0.3) | |||||||
|
|
7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2 (0.1) | |||||||
| Surgeon performing procedure | ||||||||||||||
|
|
A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1676 (50.6) | |||||||
|
|
B | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 191 (5.8) | |||||||
|
|
C | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1448 (43.7) | |||||||
| Level of spine involved | ||||||||||||||
|
|
Cervical | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 567(17.1) | |||||||
|
|
Thoracic | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 228 (6.9) | |||||||
|
|
Lumbar | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2165 (65.3) | |||||||
| Male sex | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1800 (54.3) | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 29.7 (6.3) | ||||||||
| ASA PSb classification score | ||||||||||||||
|
|
1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 46 (1.4) | |||||||
|
|
2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1140 (34.4) | |||||||
|
|
3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2008 (60.6) | |||||||
|
|
4 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 112 (3.4) | |||||||
| Unknown | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9 (0.3) | ||||||||
aN/A: not applicable.
bASA PS: American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status.