Table 2.

HPLC separations of flavonoids in wines from Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines subjected to different photoselective shade film treatments in Oakville, CA, USA in 2020 and 2021 growing seasons ^a .

				2020					2021					Y	Y x S
		C0	D1	D3	D4	D5	p-value	C0	D1	D3	D4	D5	p-value
Anthocyanin 3-glucoside (mg/L)	Delphinidin	2.6 ±0.1b	4.2±0.4a	3.8±0.1a	4.2±0.1a	4.1±0.1a	***	31.8±1.1bc	33.5±0.7b	31.4±1.1bc	37.2±0.4a	30.6±0.6 c	**	***	***
	Cyanidin	0.20±0.06	0.16±0.02	0.16±0.02	0.24±0.06	0.23±0.03	ns	1.1±0.0 b	1.2±0.1 b	1.3± 0.1 ab	1.5±0.2 a	1.2±0.2ab	.	***	ns
	Petunidin	3.3±0.1b	4.6 ± 0.3a	4.3 ± 0.1 a	4.5 ± 0.1 a	4.6±0.1a	**	34.4±1.7b	36.5±0.8b	34.4±1.0b	42.3±1.6a	34.1±0.4b	**	***	***
	Peonidin	1.3±0.1c	1.8±0.2b	1.7±0.04b	1.7±0.1b	2.2±0.04 a	**	10.5±0.5	9.8±0.2	11.5±1.6	14.9±4.3	9.2±0.2	ns	***	ns
	Malvidin	46.5±1.3b	53.6 ± 2.5 a	50.1 ± 1.2 ab	46.5 ± 1.2 b	53.7 ± 1.7 a	*	342.0±15.6	369.0±13.8	345.0±10.1	384.7±17.1	334.8±7.2	ns	***	ns
	Total glucosides	53.9±1.4b	64.4±3.4a	60.2±1.5ab	57.2±1.5b	64.7±2.0a	*	419.9±18.8b	450.1±15.5ab	423.6±12.2b	480.7±23.1a	409.9 ± 8.0b	.	***	*
3-Acetyl-glucoside (mg/L)	Delphinidin	0.84±0.05 b	1.41± 0.16 a	1.28±0.07a	1.46± 0.05 a	1.47 ± 0.11 a	**	11.5 ± 0.6 b	14.0 ± 0.3 ab	13.2 ± 0.5 b	17.2 ± 2.4 a	13.1 ± 0.5 b	.	***	ns
	Cyanidin	0.74± 0.05 c	0.88±0.02bc	0.94±0.03ab	0.99±0.03ab	1.08 ± 0.07 a	**	5.8 ± 0.6	6.2 ± 0.7	9.5 ± 3.0	9.7 ± 2.2	5.6 ± 1.4	ns	***	ns
	Petunidin	1.2 ± 0.1 b	2.4 ± 0.5 a	1.7 ± 0.1 ab	2.2 ± 0.3 a	2.1 ± 0.2 ab	.	13.8 ± 0.9 b	16.0 ± 0.6 ab	14.8 ± 0.6 b	18.5 ± 1.4 a	14.3 ± 0.6 b	*	***	*
	Peonidin	0.27 ± 0.03	0.20 ± 0.11	0.28 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.04	0.34 ± 0.03	ns	10.7 ± 0.4 ab	9.7 ± 0.3 bc	9.0 ± 0.2 c	11.6 ± 0.8 a	10.2 ± 0.5 abc	*	***	*
	Malvidin	28.5± 0.8 b	31.7 ± 1.0 a	28.7 ± 0.8 b	27.0 ± 0.6 b	31.6 ± 1.0 a	*	2.1 ± 0.2	1.9 ± 0.2	2.0 ± 0.1	2.3 ± 0.4	2.1 ± 0.2	ns	***	**
	Total acetylates	31.6± 0.9 b	36.6 ± 1.7 a	32.9 ± 0.9 b	31.9 ± 0.5 b	36.7 ± 0.8 a	*	43.9 ± 2.1 b	47.7 ± 1.9 ab	48.5 ± 3.4 ab	59.3 ± 6.3 a	45.2 ± 2.1 b	.	***	*
3-p-Coumaroyl-glucoside (mg/L)	Delphinidin	1.1± 0.1 ab	1.3 ± 0.05 a	1.1 ± 0.1 ab	0.94 ± 0.1 b	1.2 ± 0.1 a	*	194.4±11.0ab	212.0 ± 8.9a	189.2±6.5 ab	210.3±5.6 a	175.7 ± 4.5 b	*	***	*
	Cyanidin	0.45 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.1	0.37 ± 0.08	0.50 ± 0.0	0.40 ± 0.04	ns	2.7 ± 0.2 ab	2.3 ± 0.1 bc	2.1 ± 0.1 bc	3.1 ± 0.3 a	1.9 ± 0.2 c	*	***	*
	Petunidin	0.28 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.14	0.35 ± 0.06	0.34 ± 0.03	0.32 ± 0.03	ns	1.8 ± 0.2 a	1.0 ± 0.0 c	1.0 ± 0.2 bc	1.5 ± 0.1 ab	1.1 ± 0.1 bc	**	***	**
	Peonidin	0.28±0.01bc	0.36±0.01ab	0.27±0.05c	0.31±0.01bc	0.42±0.02a	*	3.24±0.1a	2.6±0.1b	2.6±0.2b	2.8±0.2ab	2.5±0.0b	*	***	**
	Malvidin	5.2±0.2ab	5.8±0.4a	4.8±0.05b	4.5±0.1b	5.7±0.3a	**	44.0±3.1a	43.8±2.3a	38.3±1.5ab	44.6±2.0a	35.1±1.3b	*	***	*
	Total coumarylated	6.2±0.2ab	7.0±0.5a	5.8±0.2b	5.7±0.1b	6.9±0.2a	*	51.7±3.5a	49.7±2.5a	44.0±1.7ab	52.0±2.3a	40.6±1.6b	*	***	**
	Total methylated anthocyanins (mg/L)	86.9±2.4b	100.8±5.0a	92.3±2.3ab	87.4±1.9b	100.9±2.8a	*	462.6±22.1ab	490.3±18.2ab	458.7±13.4b	523.3±26.2a	443.4±9.1b	.	***	*
	Total free anthocyanins (mg/L)	92.8±2.5b	109.1±5.6a	100.0±2.4ab	95.7±2.0b	109.4±3.0a	*	709.8±35.4ab	759.5±28.6ab	705.4±20.7b	802.3±35.9a	671.3±15.5b	.	***	*
	Ratio 3’4’5'/3'4'	36.2±3.5a	32.4±1.2ab	30.5±0.5abc	28.0±1.5bc	26.0±1.1c	*	35.3±0.1	40.0±0.4	33.0±3.8	31.3±5.8	38.2±0.7	ns	**	ns
Flavonols (mg/L)	Myricetin-3-glucoside	0.59±0.03ab	0.53±0.05b	0.51±0.01b	0.66±0.02a	0.55±0.01b	*	3.7±0.1a	2.8±0.2b	2.9±0.1b	3.4±0.1b	3.0 ±0.1b	**	***	***
	Myricetin-3-glucuronide	3.2±0.1	3.4±0.2	3.2±0.1	3.4±0.1	3.5±0.1	ns	21.4±0.5ab	18.8±0.6c	18.6±1.1c	22.4±1.1a	19.5±0.4bc	*	***	*
	Quercetin-3-galactoside	0.39±0.04ab	0.24±0.03c	0.26±0.0c	0.41±0.03a	0.31±0.03bc	**	2.0±0.1a	1.0±0.0c	1.1±0.1c	1.6±0.1b	1.2±0.2c	**	***	***
	Quercetin-3-glucoside	2.1±0.05a	1.2±0.11c	1.2±0.03c	1.6±0.03b	1.5±0.01b	***	9.8 ± 0.6a	5.8±0.1c	6.1±0.2c	7.4±0.3b	6.6±0.4bc	***	***	***
	Quercetin-3-glucuronide	2.3±0.04a	1.4± .05d	1.4±0.08d	2.0±0.08b	1.7±0.07c	***	12.0±0.8a	5.6±0.1d	6.7±0.2cd	8.4±0.0b	7.8±0.5bc	***	***	***
	Laricitrin-3-glucoside	0.98±0.03a	0.81±0.05bc	0.78±0.03c	0.91±0.03ab	0.88±0.02abc	*	3.9±0.4	3.1±0.2	3.4±0.2	4.0±0.1	3.6±0.1	ns	***	ns
	Kaempferol-3-glucoside	0.42±0.02a	0.23±0.02c	0.23±0.02c	0.31±0.01b	0.27±0.02bc	***	1.8±0.2a	0.7±0.0c	1.0±0.1bc	1.2±0.0b	1.1±0.1b	***	***	***
	Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside	0.73±0.04a	0.44±0.06b	0.38±0.01b	0.46±0.01b	0.45±0.05b	***	2.9±0.4a	1.5±0.1c	1.9±0.1bc	2.3±0.1ab	2.0±0.1bc	**	***	*
	Syringetin-3-glucoside	1.3±0.03a	1.0±0.06c	1.0±0.05c	1.2±0.02ab	1.1±0.02bc	**	4.6±0.3a	3.1±0.1c	3.5±0.0bc	4.0±0.1b	3.6± .2b	***	***	***
	Total flavonols	11.9±0.2 a	9.3±0.6 cd	9.0±0.3d	11.0±0.2ab	10.2±0.1bc	***	62.0±2.4a	42.3±0.7d	45.1±1.7cd	54.7±1.5b	48.4±1.4c	***	***	***

^aValues represent means ± SE (n=3) separated by Duncan’s new multiple range post hoc test (α=0.05). Means separated by different letters are significantly different within each year. Significance or non-significance for shade treatment, year (Y) and interactions between year and shade treatment (YxS) are indicated by: ‘ns’= not significant; ‘.’ p≤0.1; ‘*’ p≤0.05; ‘**’ p≤ 0.01; ‘***’ p≤0.001.