Figure 4. Recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by Cellular and Humoral Pattern-Recognition Molecules, Including Acute-Phase Proteins.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins and nucleic acids are recognized by cellular receptors involved in innate immunity, including C-type lectins, TLRs, cGAS–STING, and the inflammasome. Open reading frame 8 (ORF8) inhibits interferon production through epigenetic mechanisms. The humoral pattern-recognition molecules MBL and PTX3 bind glycosylated spike and the viral nucleocapsid, respectively.