Table 2. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of chronic hepatitis B cases by country, hepatitis pilot sentinel surveillance system, Croatia, Romania, Spain, January–June 2019.
| Variables | Croatia | Romania | Spain | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of cases (total n = 24) | % | Number of cases (total n = 150) | % | Number of cases (total n = 55) | % | Number of cases (total n = 229) | % | |
| Socio-demographic variables | ||||||||
| Sex | 24 | NA | 149 | NA | 55 | NA | 228 | NA |
| Male | 15 | 63 | 78 | 52 | 34 | 62 | 127 | 56 |
| Female | 9 | 38 | 71 | 48 | 21 | 38 | 101 | 44 |
| Age | 24 | NA | 147 | NA | 55 | NA | 226 | NA |
| Median age in years (IQR) | 54 (47–62 | 60 (49–69) | 35 (28–50) | 55 (41–64) | ||||
| Country of birth | 12 | NA | 111 | NA | 55 | NA | 178 | NA |
| Same as reporting country | 12 | 100 | 111 | 100 | 12 | 22 | 135 | 76 |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 78 | 43 | 24 |
| Transmission route | 11 | NA | 90 | NA | 13 | NA | 114 | NA |
| Sexual | 2 | 18 | 15 | 17 | 3 | 23 | 20 | 18 |
| Mother-to-child | 2 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 77 | 12 | 11 |
| Any non-occupationala | 5 | 45 | 24 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 25 |
| Healthcare associatedb | 2 | 18 | 23 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 22 |
| Any occupationalc | 0 | 0 | 16 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 14 |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 12 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 11 |
| Laboratory variables | ||||||||
| HCV co-infection | 24 | NA | 150 | NA | 55 | NA | 229 | NA |
| HCV positive | 3 | 13 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 4 |
| HDV coinfection | 1 | NA | 86 | NA | 49 | NA | 136 | NA |
| HBV Delta positive | 0 | 0 | 8 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 7 |
| HBV DNA levels | 24 | NA | 43 | NA | 55 | NA | 122 | NA |
| Detected | 22 | 92 | 18 | 42 | 51 | 93 | 91 | 75 |
| HBV e antigen | 24 | NA | 88 | NA | 55 | NA | 180 | NA |
| HBeAg positive | 2 | 8 | 20 | 23 | 1 | 2 | 29 | 16 |
| Alanine amino transferase | 24 | NA | 148 | NA | 55 | NA | 227 | NA |
| Above upper limit normal | 18 | 75 | 45 | 30 | 13 | 24 | 76 | 33 |
| Clinical variables | ||||||||
| Fibrosis stage | 24 | NA | 42 | NA | 54 | NA | 120 | NA |
| F0 (no fibrosis) | 1 | 4 | 17 | 41 | 39 | 72 | 57 | 48 |
| F1 (minimal) | 7 | 29 | 10 | 24 | 11 | 21 | 28 | 23 |
| F2 (significant) | 8 | 33 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 16 | 13 |
| F3 (severe) | 1 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 4 |
| F4 (cirrhosis/advanced) | 7 | 29 | 7 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 12 |
| Cirrhosis | 24 | NA | 145 | NA | 55 | NA | 224 | NA |
| Diagnosed | 2 | 8 | 15 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 8 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 24 | NA | 149 | NA | 55 | NA | 228 | NA |
| Diagnosed | 2 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 |
| Late presentation d | 24 | NA | 42 | NA | 54 | NA | 120 | NA |
| Yes | 8 | 33 | 12 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 17 |
HBeAg: hepatitis B e antigen; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HVC: hepatitis C virus; IQR: interquartile range; NA: not applicable.
Numbers in bold indicate total cases with complete information for each variable.
aHousehold contact, injecting drug use and other routes such as bites, tattoos and piercings.
bTransmission through blood and blood products, organs and tissues, haemodialysis as well as other exposure through hospitals, nursing homes, psychiatric institutions and dental services. This category refers mainly to patients exposed through healthcare settings, distinct from occupational exposure, which refers to staff.
cIncludes needle stick injuries among healthcare workers.
dLate presentation defined as diagnosis of either fibrosis stage F3 or F4, cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma.