TABLE 3.

Data extraction of included studies

Author/Year/Country	Methodology	Population	Instruments	Focus point	Key findings
B H Roe (1989)/England	Qualitative,	N = 106 nurses	Semi‐structured interview	Investigated the information given by 106 hospital and district nurses to patients who are to use an indwelling urethral catheter in the community, and their careers.	· The information given for catheter care was not comprehensive nor consistent and differed according to the nurse's location of work. · This nursing practice implicated a need for further education of nurses about catheter care.
Jane, 1997/England	Qualitative,	N = 12 first‐level registered nurses	Unstructured interviews	First, what care do nurses give with the aim of preventing catheter‐associated NUTIs; secondly, what improvements in practice would further prevent catheter‐associated NUTIs; thirdly, what do nurses see as constraints to the prevention of catheter‐associated NUTIs?	· Two broad themes: nursing practice and procedures included the need for risk assessment of patients and the need for rationale for practice; resources plus additional findings. · Nurses stated that their practice differed because of a lack of time to give care and to update themselves. · The consequences of understaffing were that junior and temporary staff (whose competence in preventing NUTIs was questioned) worked unsupervised. · Those interviewed identified feelings of powerlessness in effecting preventative measures and identified not only the role of medical staff in influencing NUTIs but also their inconsistent approach to care.
Tracey J. Siegel (2006)/USA	Quantitative, survey method	N = 82 nurses	The Catheter Anchoring Survey (CAS), based on experts' discussion and literature review, having content validity.	To determine if registered nurses employed at an acute care facility perceived the anchoring of IUCs as necessary.	· Ninety‐eight per cent of the registered nursing staff agreed that they anchored catheters, that IUCs should be stabilized, but this perception did not concur with current practice. · Ninety‐nine per cent of participants disagreed that a physician order was needed to stabilize IUC.
Asteria LM Ndomba et al. (2008)/Tanzania	Quantitative, survey and observational method	N = 135 nurses	A structured questionnaire, based on experts' discussion and literature review. Unspecified validity and reliability.	To investigate nurses' knowledge and clinical practice about care of patients with IUC in preventing nosocomial infections.	· The nurses' overall knowledge was good: it was found that 110 of 135 nurses (81.5%) had good knowledge and the remaining 25 nurses (18.5%) had poor knowledge. · Many nurses' answers about the 18 questions were also answered unsatisfactorily. The weakest areas (<60% adequate answers) were how and where to attach the collection bags (Q3and Q4), emptying of urine bag (Q9), securing of the IUC to the thigh (Q11, Q12), and cleaning after bowel opening (Q13). · There was a discrepancy between knowledge and clinical practice: appropriate securing of the IUC, hand washing before and after meatal cleaning and bag emptying, asking patients how they felt once the IUC was in place, monitoring of fluid intake charts and the bag not resting on the floor. · Hand washing prior to care for patients with IUC was poor due to lack of water and soap.
Weerakoon & Lawrentschuk, 2010	Quantitative, survey method	N = 315 87 doctors and 228 nurses	A self‐administered questionnaire. Unspecified validity and reliability.	Assess the attitudes of doctors and nurses to infection control, occupational health and safety issues, and environmental waste.	· Doctors and nurses were concerned about infection control, occupational health and safety issues, and environmental waste. Incidents involving spillage of urine and/or blood often go unreported. · There were no differences between nurses and doctors having specialist training in urology or experience (p > 0.05).
Dimitri M.Drekonja et al. (2010)/American	Quantitative, survey method	N = 635 licensed physicians	An Internet‐based questionnaire. Unspecified validity and reliability.	Assessment of physicians' knowledge and attitudes about catheters.	· Overall, respondents exhibited good knowledge about indications for catheterization. · Most respondents reported awareness of the changed reimbursement policy for CAUTI; fully one‐third indicated that because of this change, they now removed catheters earlier than previously. · The responses from primary care physicians and surgeons differed significantly in terms of indications for catheterization, methods to prevent CAUTI, and the impact of the policy change on their practice patterns.
Dimitri M.Drekonja et al. (2010)/American	Quantitative, survey method	N = 370 registered nurses	A Internet‐based questionnaire. Unspecified validity and reliability.	To assess the current state of RN's knowledge and attitudes abouturinary catheters.	· Nurses perceived early catheter removal as the most effective intervention to prevent CAUTI (mean score, 4.5; range 1–5). · Most interventions for preventing CAUTI were rated favourably. · Most respondents reported no institutional guidance aboutcatheterization. · Although the surveyed Minnesota RNs demonstrated high‐level awareness of the utility of early Foley catheter removal for preventing CAUTI, other aspects of their catheter‐related knowledge were concerning.
Lona Mody et al. (2010)/American	Quantitative, survey method	N = 356 nurses (registered professional nurse (RN) and licensed practical nurse (LPN)) and nurse aides	A self‐administered anonymous questionnaire, based on national recommendations, guidelines and first pilot tested amongst eight nurses.	To evaluate HCWs' knowledge and awareness of recommended practices pertaining to urinary catheter care.	· They were less aware of research‐proven recommendations of not disconnecting the catheter from its bag (59% nurses, 30% aides, p < .001), not routinely irrigating the catheter (48% nurses, 8% aides, p < .001), and hand hygiene after casual contact (60% nurses, 69% aides, p = .07). · HCWs were also unaware of recommendations aboutalcohol‐based hand rub (27% nurses and 32% aides with correct responses, p = .38). · Significant discrepancies remain between research‐proven recommendations pertaining to urinary catheter care and HCWs' knowledge.
Ana Montoya et al. (2013)/USA	Quantitative, survey method	N = 356 nurses and nurse aides	A self‐administered anonymous questionnaire, based on national guidelines. Unspecified validity and reliability.	To evaluate the following: (1) whether NH health care workers (HCWs) are aware of their facility's HH and UC care policies and (2) whether awareness of facility policy pertaining to HH and UC leads to appropriate HH and UC care.	· Overall, a majority of respondents (>93%) reported wearing gloves and practicing HH before and after manipulation of a UC. · Most of the respondents (94%) were aware of the HH policy at their facility. Furthermore, 85% of respondents were aware of an indwelling catheter policy, 82% of an intermittent catheterization policy. · Confusion about appropriate HH after casual patient contact persists, with approximately 40% of respondents answering incorrectly. · Confusion also persists about alcohol‐based hand gel use as a method of appropriate HH, with less than 32% answering correctly. This reflects a relative delay in acceptance of alcohol hand rub in NHs.
Fernández‐Ruiz et al. (2013/Spain	Quantitative, survey method	N = 55 physicians	A self‐administered questionnaire, based on pilot. Unspecified validity and reliability.	Tested physicians' knowledge of the appropriate indications for UC and management of NUTI.	· The median per centage of correct responses was 62.5%. · The questions for which the highest rates of correct responses were obtained the risk factors for UC‐related NUTI (94.5%) and the appropriateness of UC for urine output monitoring in uncooperative patients (96.4%). · The questions for which the lowest per centage of correct answers were obtained the daily risk of NUTI in patients with UC (45.5%), the inappropriateness of UC for convenience of care in patients with impaired mobility (49.1%), and the therapeutic approach to UC‐related NUTI (50.9%). · There was a physician order for UC in 47.8% of patient charts, whereas its indication was explicitly documented in only 41.3% of cases. Most attending physicians were aware that their patients had a catheter in place (95.7%), and knew the initial indication for UC (93.5%) and its duration (82.6%); Twelve of them (26.1%) were inappropriately catheterized.
Shuko Maeda et al. (2013)/Japan	Quantitative, survey method	N = 30, nurses	A questionnaire based on books and guidelines. Items was confirmed in a pretest conducted by four nurses. Unspecified validity and reliability.	Assess the status of long‐term indwelling urinary catheter users' management.	· A high per centage of visiting nurses implemented all the items of observation, practice, guidance and cooperation in catheter management. · Experience of difficulty was most frequent for catheter insertion (51·7%), followed by obtaining catheter replacement supplies (42·3%) and bladder irrigation (31·6%). · The frequency of cooperation was highest with physicians (100%), followed by care managers (82·1%), day care service personnel (73·7%). · Difficulty was experienced by visiting nurses when cooperating with physicians (40%), visiting home care personnel (25%), day care service personnel (14·3%).
Mohamad G.Fakih et al. (2013)/American	Quantitative, intervention: a nurse‐driven intervention to remove unnecessary urinary catheters; establishing institution‐based guidelines for urinary catheter placement in ED physician education. Survey method.	N = 257, bedside nurses, case managers, and nurse managers	An anonymous questionnaire. Unspecified validity and reliability.	Assess the perception of bedside nurses about who they consider responsible for evaluation of urinary catheter er necessity in non‐ICUs.	· Of bedside nurses responding to the questionnaire, 222 of 227 (97.8%) identified themselves as responsible or as sharing the responsibility for catheter necessity evaluation. · 223 of 229 (97.4%) were confident in their knowledge, and 166 of 222 (74.8%) viewed physicians as receptive to their requests for catheter removal >70% of the time.
Brian T Conner, (2013)/USA	Mix methods, survey method and focus groups	Survey: N = 36 Focus groups:N = 11	The EBP Questionnaire (EBPQ), the Cronbach α was 0.87 and internal reliability for the subscales ranged from 0.79 to 0.91. The Adoption of the Early Catheter Discontinuation Protocol Questionnaire (AECDPQ), the Cronbach α ranging from 0.89 to 0.71.	One aim of this study was to identify nurses' perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge related to a specific EBP. The purpose of this pilot study was to identify factors associated with registered nurses' (RN) adoption of an EBP to reduce the duration of indwelling urinary catheterization in hospitalized adults.	Quantitative study: · The results of the EBPQ responses indicate that having the opportunity to learn about and implement the nurse‐driven protocol was a factor in the intervention group nurses' perceptions of their practice and attitudes related to EBP. · The preintervention mean scores for the total EBPQ and the 3 subscales were moderate. Qualitative study: · The overarching theme to emerge from the focus group responses was that the nurses enthusiastically supported the nurse‐driven protocol intervention. · They agreed that the intervention was better than the routine procedure of waiting physician order or reminding them. · The participants agreed that the early catheter discontinuation protocol was advantageous for the patients and hospital. · The nurses placed high value on having the opportunity to learn about EBP and CAUTI. But several participants stated that they were unaware of the risks associated with catheter duration. · The majority of participants from both focus groups agreed that the nurse‐driven protocol fit well with their ideas of nursing practice and was appropriate.
MARK LISTER F. Opina & Oducado, 2014/Philippines	Quantitative, survey method	N = 30 nurses	A researcher‐made questionnaire. Unspecified validity and reliability.	To determine the knowledge and practices of nurses on infection control in the use of urethral catheters in a private hospital in Iloilo City.	· In general, respondents had a very poor knowledge on infection control in the use of urethral catheters. The respondents were least knowledgeable about the different approaches to catheterization and specimen collecting methods followed by proper urethral catheter maintenance and lastly, on considerations and techniques for catheter insertion. · 70 per cent had low level of knowledge. 30 per cent of the nurses have average level of knowledge on infection control, there is still a huge number of nurses who are not aware about infection control on CAUTI prevention. · 66.7 per cent of the respondents had poor practices on infection control. 33.3 per cent of the nurses had good practices, there is still a huge number of nurses prone to making mistakes. · 77.8 per cent who had an average level of knowledge on infection control had poor infection control practices. 61.9 per cent of the respondents who had low level of knowledge had poor infection control practices. It can be seen that 66.7 per cent of all insertions were poorly performed.
Mary R.Mulcare et al. (2015)/American	Qualitative, focus groups	N = 38 ED physicians, midlevel providers, nurses	Semi‐structured interview outline.	To describe ED providers' knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns related to use of IUCs in older adult patients in ED settings.	· Participants reported believing that IUCs are overutilized in ED settings, confirming that IUCs are infrequently removed once placed and often inserted for staff convenience. · Participants reported that current clinical decision‐making about IUC placement varies widely.
Kartik Viswanathan et al. (2015)/American	Quantitative, survey method	N = 129 Emergency nurses, attending physicians, mid‐levels (nurse practitioners [NPs] and physician assistants [PAs]), and resident physicians.	A self‐administered questionnaire based on previously published instruments, literature review and experts' discussion. Items was confirmed in a pilot. Unspecified validity and reliability.	To describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of ED providers aboutplacement and management of IUCs.	· Self‐reported practices amongst participants surrounding IUC placement in specific clinical scenarios aligned with current standards of care and best practices in 40% of cases for nurses and 37% of cases for providers. · Practice varied widely between individual providers. · Their reported practice patterns showed inconsistencies with established guidelines.
Manisha et al. (2015)/Indian	Quantitative, survey method	N = 154, 49 doctors and 105 nurses.	A structured questionnaire based on guidelines. Unspecified validity and reliability.	Assess the knowledge of indication for catheterization and measures to prevent CAUTI.	· Only 57% of the respondents could identify all the measures for prevention of CAUTI. · The knowledge aboutthe indication for catheterization though suboptimal was significantly better amongst the doctors as compared to nurses.
Yildiz Kose et al. (2016)/Turky	Quantitative, survey method	N = 382 nurses	A questionnaire. Unspecified validity and reliability.	To evaluate the level of knowledge of the nurses about the use of a urinary catheter to prevent urinary tract infections.	· The level of knowledge of the nurses concerning the intervention during the catheter insertion, to prevent the urinary tract infections was adequate. · The nurses could not get enough scores from the questions of daily catheter and perineal care. · The nurses had inadequate scores about the emptying of the bag before transfer, the weekly changing of the drainage bag, not to separate it from the system whilst emptying it. · The nurses had insufficient information concerning the maintenance of the closed drainage system in catheter insertion, irrigation if the catheter is clogged, keeping the catheter below the level of bladder, maintenance of the closed system during taking cultures, with their mean scores below 4.
Karen Jones et al. (2016)/USA	Quantitative, survey method	N = 394 nurses	A 40‐question questionnaire. Unspecified validity and reliability.	Assessment of the nurse's education and knowledge related to how to properly obtain urine cultures and identify CAUTI in catheterized patients.	· Of all respondents, 15.7% rated their knowledge on CAUTI identification as excellent, 38.1% rated their knowledge as above average, 43.1% rated their knowledge as average, and 3.0% rated their knowledge as below average. · Although 327 of 394 (83%) of all nurses surveyed reported that they never collect urine samples by draining directly from the drainage bag, only 58.4% reported to be fully compliant with that standard (230/394; p < .001). · The mean score for nurses was 4.78 ± 1.75 (out of 12 points).
Shah et al. (2017)/Pakistan	Quantitative, survey method	N = 70 nurses	A self‐developed questionnaire. Unspecified validity and reliability.	To identify knowledge and practices of nurses aboutCAUTI control.	· The mean knowledge of participants was 66%. the Mean practice was 56.43%. · The result was alarming to know that the nurses had low knowledge and poor practices about infection control in the use of urethral catheter.
Brenda Shaver et al. (2018)/USA	Quantitative, Intervention: Conducting a CAUTI education program: Foley Product Training and Simulation train‐the‐trainer sessions. Survey method	N = 48 nurses	Survey questions. Unspecified validity and reliability.	Evaluating nursing knowledge and attitudes towards Foley catheter insertion and maintenance.	· The mean postsurvey score was significantly higher (86.9 ± 8.3%) than the presurvey score (76.0 ± 12.3%) for the knowledge section of the survey. · There was no marked difference in participant attitude following the educational training, with mean presurvey and postsurvey scores of 91.3 ± 7.0% and 89.8 ± 5.3%, respectively. · After the course, participants were more confident in their clinical knowledge; however, perception aboutCAUTI prevention did not improve.
Kulbay & Tammelin, 2018/Sweden	Quantitative, survey method	N = 518 nurses and assistant nurses	A structured questionnaire. Based on pilot test. Unspecified validity and reliability.	To investigate nurses and assistant nurses' opinion and practice of urinary catheterization.	· Amongst all nurses and all assistant nurses, 20.6% (64/311) and 41.4% (75/181) respectively said that they used a sterile technique when inserting a urinary catheter; Of all the nurses, 81.4% (253/311) said that the urinary catheter should be sterile when inserted. The corresponding figure for assistant nurses was 82.9% (150/181). · In all 287/492 (58.3%) persons said that they followed the hospital guideline.
MC Cutinho et al. (2018)/Indian	Quantitative, survey method	N = 108 staff nurses	A structured knowledge questionnaire. Unspecified validity and reliability.	Aimed at assessing the knowledge on practice of urinary catheter care and compliance to urinary catheter care guidelines by the nurses working at a tertiary care hospital.	· 89(82.4%) had average knowledge and only 1(0.9%) had poor knowledge on practice of urinary catheter care. · Majority (82.4%) of the staff nurses had adequate knowledge but there was noncompliance to procedural steps of urinary catheter insertion, urine specimen collection, maintenance of urinary catheter.
Monina Hernandez et al. (2019)/New Zealand	Quantitative, Intervention: a CAUTI education package on nurses' knowledge and indwelling catheter management practice Survey method	N = 50 nurses	A self‐administered Daily Urinary Catheter Maintenance Checklist based on CDC evidence‐based guidelines. Unspecified validity and reliability.	Investigated the impact of a CAUTI education package on nurses' knowledge and indwelling catheter management practices.	· Of the 175 checklists, only 101 (58%) indicated that hand hygiene had been performed by the nurses; 31% (n = 54) showed that all evidence‐based practices in the bundle of care were performed and documented by the nurses. Only half of the number of checklists given evidence of hand hygiene performance during catheter management. · Nurses ensured that the catheter bag was below the bladder and off the floor at all times, there was no kinking of the catheter tubing, the collecting bag was emptied regularly, a closed‐drainage system was maintained at all times. · The checklists indicated that nurses assessed the need for catheter removal and that standard precautions were used. Documentation showed that 157 out of 175 (90%) indwelling catheters were removed. Of these, 144 (82%) had the appropriate date of removal and nurse's signature. On examination, all 144 patients had their catheters removed in 24 hours of surgery. · Nurses' performance of the catheter insertion component shows that sterile equipment was used, sterile technique was observed. · The findings highlighted poor documentation of nursing care (non‐adherence to documentation standards).
Tenzin Dawa et al. (2019)/USA	Quantitative, survey method	N = 64 rehabilitation nurses	37 Likert‐like survey questions based on literature review. Cronbach's alpha was 0.752–0.891.	To develop and examine the reliability of a survey to assess knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours (KAB) of rehabilitation nurses for preventing urinary tract infections in persons requiring intermittent catheterization.	· The nurses scored a mean of 6.86 (SD = 0.2081) on attitude, 6.68 (SD = 0.2087) on knowledge, and 7.04 (SD = 0.2813) on behaviour. Nurses reported adequate knowledge and training. · The lowest ratings (0–5) were with the knowledge questions (Items 14,17, and 18) specific to the frequency and helpfulness of the Elsevier Clinical Skills standard and the adequacy of training on the online system, the attitude question (Item 5) about searching for evidence, and the behaviour questions about the use of dexterity · Twenty‐eight per cent incorrectly identified the root cause of urinary tract infection, and 45% reported that other nurses always washed their hands.
Salha Salem Algarni et al. (2019)/Saudi Arabia Kingdom	Quantitative, survey method	N = 137 nurses	Knowledge and Practices Questionnaire based on experts' review. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.841.	To assess the level of nurses' knowledge and practices towards prevention of CAUTI.	· More than half of nurses (62.77%) had low a level of knowledge. Whilst about one‐third (36.50%) of nurses had average level of knowledge, and only 0.73% of nurses had high level of knowledge. Aboutthe levels of nurses' practices towards CAUTI prevention, 83.94% had a poor level of practices. Whilst 16.06% of nurses had a good level of practices. · More than half (56.9%) of nurses did not know that using alcohol hand sanitizer is comparable to hand washing in preventing CAUTI incidence. 56.9% did not know that routine use of antiseptic lubricants to decrease the risk of infection is not necessary for urinary catheter insertion. · More than half (55.7%) of nurses responds correctly to overall practices towards prevention of CAUTI. More than half of nurses (54.7%) had a good practice due to used sterile gloves when inserting a catheter, but a little more than one‐third of nurses (45.3%) were not. · More than three quarters (75.9%) of nurses had good practices on implementing quality improvement strategies to reduce CAUTI.
Andrea Niederhauser et al. (2019)/Switzerland	Quantitative, survey method	N = 1,579 medical staff members	A 55‐item standardized questionnaire based on previous survey research and literature review. Items were pretested on 42 physicians and nurses. Unspecified validity and reliability.	To evaluate changes in staff perspectives (KAP) towards indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) use after implementation of a 1‐year quality improvement project.	· The average number of answers to questions in nurses' knowledge score was 10.2, which was less than that in doctors (11.1). The average score of attitudes is higher than that of doctors (5.4 & 5.1). · Nurses mainly felt responsible for placing, maintaining and removing an IUC. Physicians perceived themselves to be mainly responsible for ordering catheter placement and removal at both time points.
Sonali D. Advani et al. (2019)/American	Quantitative, survey method	N = 604, 405 physicians and nurses from tertiary medical centre, 199 from community medical centres.	A modified previously validated 13‐questions survey based on guidelines.	Assessment of CAUTI practice pattern and knowledge of urine culture.	· Mean scores amongst physicians were higher than amongst nurses (7.77 vs 6.50; p < .05) · Our data reveal specific knowledge gaps amongst physicians and nurses related to ordering urine cultures in catheterized patients. · The majority of physicians and nurses in our health care system were unable to accurately identify indications for ordering urine cultures in catheterized patients.
Sanniya Khan Ghauri et al. (2019)/Pakistan	Quantitative, survey method	N = 485 doctors and nurses	An interviewer‐administered questionnaire which was validated by two epidemiologists. Unspecified validity and reliability.	To assess their knowledge of indications for urinary catheterization, measures to be taken to prevent CAUTI, and attitude abouturinary catheterization.	· Overall, the knowledge of doctors was better than the nurses. · The nurses knew more about CAUTI preventive measures than the doctors. · There was reasonable knowledge and attitude amongst nurses and doctors.
Kelly Thomas (2020)/UK	Quantitative, survey method	N = 16 nurses	A 11‐questions questionnaire. Unspecified validity and reliability.	Exploring primary and community care nurses' knowledge of catheter maintenance solutions.	· Community nursing staff had variable degrees of knowledge of catheter maintenance solutions. · Of the 16 participants, only four had previous training on the use of catheter maintenance solutions, but all 16 participants felt that an update would benefit their future practice. · The question that produced the most varying responses concerned whose responsibility it was to review the use of the solutions. · There is a need for change in primary and community care aboutcatheter maintenance solutions, as they indicated a lack of knowledge on catheter maintenance solutions amongst staff nurses working in the community.
Anns M. Benny et al. (2020)/Indian	Quantitative, survey method	N = 235 staff nurses	A 17‐questionsstructured knowledge questionnaire which was validated by seven experts. The internal consistency was 0.76.	Knowledge assessment	· Majority of nurses 190 (80.85%) had average knowledge whereas, 28 (11.2%) had low knowledge, and few 17 (7.23%) nurses had high knowledge aboutCAUTI. · It was found that nurses' overall knowledge on prevention of CAUTI was average, with mean per centage knowledge score of 73.47%.
Andrea Niederhauser et al. (2020)/Switzerland	Quantitative, survey method	N = 1,579 nurses and physicians	A structured questionnaire based on literature review which pretested on 43 physicians and nurses. Unspecified validity and reliability.	To determine variation in the perceptions of the current practices and culture aboutIUC use between nurses and physicians.	· Most of the nurses felt responsible for placing, maintaining, and removing an IUC, whereas physicians perceived themselves to be responsible mainly for prescribing catheter placement and removal. There is a substantial overlap between the two professional groups in terms of who considers themselves responsible for each of the tasks. · Nurses given significantly higher mean ratings and had a more positive view about perception of current IUC practices and culture than physicians.
Balu et al. (2021)/Indian	Quantitative, survey method	N = 95 doctors, nurses and other allied health care professionals.	A validated structured questionnaire.	Knowledge, attitude and practice assessment	· 28.4% (n = 27) of individuals had moderately adequate knowledge and 71.6% (n = 68) had adequate knowledge about CAUTI. Average mean knowledge of the study participants was 11.42 (SD = 1.534). · 4.2% (n = 4) had unfavourable attitude, 88.4% (n = 84) had moderately favourable attitude and 7.4% (n = 7) had favourable attitude towards CAUTI. · 4.2% (n = 4) of individuals had moderate practice, and 95.8% (n = 91) had adequate practice on prevention of CAUTI.
Ivy Mong BNSc et al. (2021)/Malaysia	Quantitative, survey method	N = 301 nurses	A questionnaire based on literature review which validated by six experts. The content validity index was in (0.83–1.000), Cronbach's alpha was (0.83–0.85).	Aimed to (i) assess nurses' current knowledge, attitude and practices concerning CAUTI prevention and (ii) identify the influences of knowledge and attitude on practice with CAUTI prevention in the Malaysian context.	· Knowledge of CAUTI prevention was found to be good, as 69.1% (n = 208) of the nurses scored more than 80% in this domain with a mean score of 83.34 (SD = 7.19). · The mean score for attitude towards CAUTI prevention was 3.28 (SD = 0.33), and 80.1% (n = 241) of the nurses were found to have a positive attitude. · The mean score for perceived practice was 3.15 (SD = 0.30); 64.8% (n = 195) of the nurses were found to have good perceived practice of CAUTI prevention. · Knowledge was found to be positively correlated with attitude and perceived practice.