Table 3.

Quantification of real-world use.

Author	Participants	UE disability	Sensors information	Data collection	Data processing	Data analysis	Results
Bailey et al. [53]	n=74 control, n=48 stroke, chronic	ARAT = 10–48	Brand: Actigraph, ACC Number: 2 Placement: bilateral wrist	Home: 24 h	Preprocessing: built-in ActiLife Software	Metrics: Activity count (proprietary software) Bilateral acceleration magnitude (sum of accelerations for all 3 axes) Magnitude ratio	Duration of use (hours): 7.2 control 4.1 stroke Unilateral duration of use (hours): 1.5 non-dominant UE control 1.9 dominant UE control 0.8 affected UE stroke 3.4 unaffected UE stroke Bilateral acceleration magnitude: 132.6 control 82.4 stroke Bilateral magnitude ratio (score range: +7, unilateral affected UE use to −7 unilateral unaffected UE use): −0.1 control −2.2 stroke
Barth et al. [57]	n=12 control, n=24 stroke, acute	FMA = 35.4 (mean)	Brand: Actigraph GT9X Link, ACC Number: 2 Placement: bilateral wrist	Inpatient: 24 h	Preprocessing: built-in ActiLife Software	Metrics: Activity count (proprietary software) Duration of use Use ratio	Duration of use (hours): 6.2 non-dominant UE (control) 7.0 dominant UE (control) 3.7 affected UE (stroke) 6.9 unaffected UE (stroke) Unilateral duration of use (hours): 1.1 non-dominant UE (control) 2.2 dominant UE (control) 0.93 affected UE (stroke) 3.9 unaffected UE (stroke) Bilateral movement (hours): 5.0 control 2.8 stroke Duration of use ratio: 0.89 control 0.56 stroke
Bhatnagar et al. [58]	N=20 stroke, chronic	FMA = 36.1 (mean)	Brand: Actigraph GT3X+, ACC Number: 2 Placement: bilateral wrist	Home: 3 contiguous days	Preprocessing: not specified	Metrics: Activity counts Duration of use Use ratio Acceleration magnitude Magnitude ratio	Duration of use (hours): 5.3 affected UE 9.1 unaffected UE Unilateral duration of use (hours): 0.6 affected UE 4.3 unaffected UE Bilateral movement (hours): 4.8 Magnitude ratio (negative values indicate greater nonparetic activity, 0 score indicates equal arm contribution) −1.1
Chin et al. [60]	N=12 stroke, acute	Mild: FMA = 65 (mean) Moderate: FMA = 32 (mean) Severe: FMA = 5 (mean)	Brand: Actigraph GT3X+, ACC Number: 2 Placement: bilateral wrist	Inpatient: 24 h	Preprocessing: built-in ActiLife Software	Metrics: Activity count (proprietary software) Duration of use Use ratio Bilateral acceleration magnitude Magnitude ratio Variation ratio	Duration of use, affected UE (hours): 5.4 mild 4.1 moderate 1.5 severe Duration of use unaffected UE (hours): 8.7 mild 8.5 moderate 7.1 severe Use ratio (duration of use): 0.59 mild 0.45 moderate 0.22 severe Magnitude ratio (score range: +7 unilateral affected UE use to −7 unilateral unaffected UE use): −2.79 mild −5.25 moderate −7 severe
Chin et al. [61]	n=30 control, n=60 stroke, acute	Mild: FMA = 61 (mean) Moderate: FMA = 36 (mean) Severe: FMA = 8 (mean)	Brand: Actigraph GT3X+, ACC Number: 2 Placement: bilateral wrist	Inpatient: 24 h	Preprocessing: built-in ActiLife Software	Metrics: Activity count (proprietary software) Duration of use Use ratio Bilateral acceleration magnitude Magnitude ratio Variation ratio	Duration of use, non-dominant, affected UE (hours): 8.72 control 6.71 mild 4.49 moderate 1.67 severe Duration of use dominant, unaffected UE (hours): 9.43 control 7.92 mild 7.68 moderate 6.97 severe Use ratio (duration of use): 0.93 control 0.86 mild 0.50 moderate 0.25 severe Magnitude ratio (score range: +7 unilateral affected/non-dominant UE use to −7 unilateral unaffected/dominant UE use): −0.26 control −2.79 mild −5.25 moderate −7 severe
Doman et al. [54]	N=15 stroke, acute and chronic	Not specified	Brand: Actigraph, ACC Number: 2 Placement: bilateral wrist	Home: 24 h at baseline, every 10th outpatient therapy visit, discharge	Preprocessing: built-in ActiLife Software	Metrics: Activity counts (proprietary software) Bilateral use ratio Bilateral acceleration magnitude Bilateral magnitude ratio	Bilateral use ratio: 0.95 control 0.57 stroke Bilateral magnitude ratio (score range: +7 unilateral affected UE use to −7 unilateral unaffected UE use): −0.1 control −4.04 stroke
Lee et al. [55]	N=16 stroke, acute and subacute	Not specified	Brand: Actiwatch ACC Number: 2 Placement: bilateral wrist	Inpatient: 24 h × 4 timepoints (onset to 3 months) Not specified if any of these timepoints were collected at home	Preprocessing: not specified	Metrics: Raw activity count	Mean activity counts (104 counts/day): Onset: 8 affected, 20.5 unaffected 1-month: 27.1 unaffected, 10.8 affected 2-month: 28.3 unaffected, 14.1 affected 3-month: 34.5 unaffected,19.4 affected
Lee et al. [59]	N=29 stroke, chronic, right hemiparesis n=14 non-dominant UE affected, n=15 dominant UE affected	FMA = 45.3 (mean)	Brand: Fitness Tracker Mi Band-3, ACC Number: 2 Placement: bilateral wrist	Home: 30 contiguous days	Preprocessing: not specified	Metrics: Activity counts Differential activity (non-dominant activity counts minus dominant activity counts) Asymmetry index	Activity counts, dominant UE (counts/day): 4126 non-dominant affected group 3053 dominant affected group Activity counts, non-dominant UE (counts/day): 3365 non-dominant affected group 4505 dominant affected group Differential activity (counts/day): 761 non-dominant affected group −1450 dominant affected group Asymmetry index (positive or negative index represents more contributions from dominant or non-dominant hand, respectively): 4.2 non-dominant affected group −30.5 dominant affected group
Michielsen et al. [64]	n=18 control n=38 stroke, chronic	Brunnstrom levels 3–5	Brand: ULAM, ACC Number: 5 Placement: sternum, bilateral thigh, bilateral wrist	Home: 24 h	Preprocessing: band-pass filtering	Metrics: Duration of use Movement intensity (root mean square values of acceleration)	Duration of use (hours): 5.1 non-dominant UE (control) 5.3 dominant UE (control) 2.4 affected UE (stroke) 5.3 unaffected UE (stroke) Movement intensity (g/min): 0.04 dominant and nondominant UE (control) 0.02 affected UE (stroke) 0.04 unaffected UE (stroke)
Alt Murphy et al. [66]	n=10 controls n=28 stroke, acute	FMA = 35 (median)	Brand: Shimmer 3, ACC Number: 5 Placement: bilateral wrist and ankles, trunk	Inpatient: 8 am–8 pm for 2 days during weekdays and weekend	Preprocessing: visual inspection, band-pass filtering	Metrics: Signal magnitude area (SMA) Signal magnitude area ratio	Signal magnitude area, weekday, (m/s2): 2.51 non-dominant UE (control) 1.20 affected UE (stroke) 2.51 dominant UE (control) 2.34 unaffected UE (stroke) Signal magnitude area, weekend, (m/s2): 2.45 non-dominant UE (control) 0.91 affected UE (stroke) 2.74 dominant UE (control) 2.10 unaffected UE (stroke) Signal magnitude area ratio (0 value indicated perfect symmetry between UEs, negative value indicates lower magnitude of affected UE or non-dominant UE): −0.07 weekday control −0.33 weekday stroke −0.04 weekend control −0.36 weekend stroke
Rand and Eng [62]	n=40 control, n=60 stroke, acute	Not specified	Brand: Actical ACC Number: 3 Placement: bilateral wrist, hip	Inpatient: 3 contiguous days at admission and at 3 weeks	Preprocessing: built-in software	Metrics: Activity counts (proprietary software) UE motion during ambulation removed	Change in activity counts (admission to 3 weeks): no difference affected and unaffected UE Change in use ratio (admission to 3 weeks): no change Activity count (at 3 weeks): unaffected UE 4x more than affected UE
Rand and Eng [63]	N=32 stroke, acute, and chronic	FMA = 51 (median)	Brand: Actical ACC Number: 3 Placement: bilateral wrist, hip	Inpatient: 3 contiguous weekdays at discharge Home: 3 contiguous days at 12 months	Preprocessing: built-in software	Metrics: Activity counts-proprietary software UE motion during ambulation removed	Change in activity counts (discharge to 12 months): no difference in affected and unaffected UE Activity count (at 12 months): Unaffected UE 3x more than affected UE
Shim et al. [56]	N=40 stroke, chronic	Mild: FMA >45 Moderate: FMA = 19–44	Brand: Fittmeter ACC Number: 2 Placement: bilateral wrist	Inpatient: 8 am–11 pm × 5 days	Preprocessing: not specified	Metrics: Raw activity counts Use ratios	Mean activity count (m/s2): Moderate impairment group- 552–734 (therapy time) 540 (free time) Mild impairment group – 1831–2191 (therapy time) 1868 (free time)
Strommen et al. [65]	N=100 stroke, acute	Not specified	Brand: Actical, ACC Number: 5 Placement: bilateral wrist, bilateral ankle, hip	Inpatient: contiguously until discharge or up to 7 days (0–7 days)	Preprocessing: Not specified	Metrics: Activity counts (proprietary software)	Activity count: 71% lower for stroke vs. TIA 80% less in affected UE vs. unaffected UE

ACC: accelerometer; ARAT: Action Research Arm Test; FMA: Fugl-Meyer Assessment; TIA: temporary ischemic attack.

Participants: number of healthy and/or stroke participants, level of chronicity (acute: onset – 1 month, subacute 1–6 months, chronic >6 months); UE disability: UE motor impairment (FMA, Brunnstrom levels) or activity limitation (ARAT); sensor information: name and type of device, number and location of sensors placed on the UE; data collection: location and duration of time of data collection; data processing: methods for motion data labeling and preprocessing; data analysis: motion data metrics calculated; results: duration of use, activity counts, acceleration magnitude, laterality indices (ratio of affected to unaffected UE motion).