TABLE 3.
Effects of English experience on self-reported heritage language and English proficiency.
| Estimate | SE | df | t | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| (Intercept) | 8.70 | 0.09 | 110 | 99.15 | <0.001 | *** |
| Language | 1.71 | 0.08 | 330 | 20.53 | <0.001 | *** |
| Heritage group | −0.42 | 0.18 | 110 | −2.38 | 0.019 | * |
| Measure | −0.10 | 0.08 | 330 | −1.18 | 0.237 | |
| AoA | 0.14 | 0.09 | 110 | 1.53 | 0.129 | |
| Immersion | 0.06 | 0.11 | 110 | 0.51 | 0.612 | |
| Family | −0.19 | 0.10 | 110 | −2.01 | 0.047 | * |
| Friends | 0.01 | 0.10 | 110 | 0.10 | 0.917 | |
| Media | 0.03 | 0.11 | 110 | 0.24 | 0.807 | |
| Reading | 0.06 | 0.12 | 110 | 0.49 | 0.624 | |
| Individual | −0.12 | 0.09 | 110 | −1.32 | 0.191 | |
| Language:Heritage | 0.87 | 0.17 | 330 | 5.16 | <0.001 | *** |
| Language:Measure | 0.34 | 0.17 | 330 | 2.05 | 0.041 | * |
| Heritage:Measure | −0.40 | 0.17 | 330 | −2.35 | 0.019 | * |
| Language:AoA | −0.35 | 0.09 | 330 | −3.99 | <0.001 | *** |
| Heritage:AoA | 0.40 | 0.18 | 110 | 2.17 | 0.032 | * |
| Measure:AoA | 0.05 | 0.09 | 330 | 0.61 | 0.541 | |
| Language:Immersion | 0.14 | 0.11 | 330 | 1.30 | 0.193 | |
| Heritage:Immersion | 0.59 | 0.24 | 110 | 2.47 | 0.015 | * |
| Measure:Immersion | −0.06 | 0.11 | 330 | −0.57 | 0.570 | |
| Language:Family | 0.23 | 0.09 | 330 | 2.53 | 0.012 | * |
| Heritage:Family | −0.22 | 0.20 | 110 | −1.08 | 0.283 | |
| Measure:Family | 0.11 | 0.09 | 330 | 1.22 | 0.225 | |
| Language:Friends | −0.17 | 0.09 | 330 | −1.82 | 0.069 | ~ |
| Heritage:Friends | 0.21 | 0.20 | 110 | 1.09 | 0.277 | |
| Measure:Friends | 0.00 | 0.09 | 330 | 0.03 | 0.979 | |
| Language:Media | 0.13 | 0.11 | 330 | 1.19 | 0.235 | |
| Heritage:Media | −0.24 | 0.22 | 110 | −1.11 | 0.271 | |
| Measure:Media | −0.07 | 0.11 | 330 | −0.68 | 0.499 | |
| Language:Reading | 0.27 | 0.11 | 330 | 2.41 | 0.016 | * |
| Heritage:Reading | −0.03 | 0.22 | 110 | −0.16 | 0.874 | |
| Measure:Reading | 0.10 | 0.11 | 330 | 0.89 | 0.373 | |
| Language:Individual | 0.08 | 0.09 | 330 | 0.93 | 0.353 | |
| Heritage:Individual | 0.13 | 0.19 | 110 | 0.67 | 0.507 | |
| Measure:Individual | −0.06 | 0.09 | 330 | −0.76 | 0.449 | |
| Language:Heritage:Measure | 0.65 | 0.34 | 330 | 1.93 | 0.054 | ~ |
| Language:Heritage:AoA | −0.35 | 0.18 | 330 | −2.00 | 0.046 | * |
| Language:Measure:AoA | −0.02 | 0.18 | 330 | −0.12 | 0.906 | |
| Heritage:Measure:AoA | 0.02 | 0.18 | 330 | 0.12 | 0.907 | |
| Language:Heritage:Immersion | −0.36 | 0.23 | 330 | −1.57 | 0.118 | |
| Language:Measure:Immersion | 0.14 | 0.22 | 330 | 0.65 | 0.515 | |
| Heritage:Measure:Immersion | −0.23 | 0.23 | 330 | −1.01 | 0.313 | |
| Language:Heritage:Family | 0.42 | 0.19 | 330 | 2.19 | 0.029 | * |
| Language:Measure:Family | −0.07 | 0.18 | 330 | −0.39 | 0.697 | |
| Heritage:Measure:Family | 0.00 | 0.19 | 330 | 0.00 | 0.996 | |
| Language:Heritage:Friends | −0.19 | 0.19 | 330 | −0.99 | 0.323 | |
| Language:Measure:Friends | −0.07 | 0.18 | 330 | −0.36 | 0.721 | |
| Heritage:Measure:Friends | 0.25 | 0.19 | 330 | 1.36 | 0.173 | |
| Language:Heritage:Media | 0.20 | 0.21 | 330 | 0.94 | 0.350 | |
| Language:Measure:Media | 0.11 | 0.21 | 330 | 0.50 | 0.619 | |
| Heritage:Measure:Media | −0.08 | 0.21 | 330 | −0.40 | 0.692 | |
| Language:Heritage:Reading | −0.10 | 0.21 | 330 | −0.48 | 0.632 | |
| Language:Measure:Reading | −0.08 | 0.22 | 330 | −0.38 | 0.704 | |
| Heritage:Measure:Reading | −0.16 | 0.21 | 330 | −0.78 | 0.434 | |
| Language:Heritage:Individual | −0.11 | 0.18 | 330 | −0.61 | 0.539 | |
| Language:Measure:Individual | −0.05 | 0.17 | 330 | −0.29 | 0.772 | |
| Heritage:Measure:Individual | 0.16 | 0.18 | 330 | 0.89 | 0.375 | |
| Language:Heritage:Measure:AoA | −0.19 | 0.35 | 330 | −0.54 | 0.592 | |
| Language:Heritage:Measure:Immersion | 0.09 | 0.46 | 330 | 0.20 | 0.845 | |
| Language:Heritage:Measure:Family | 0.00 | 0.38 | 330 | −0.01 | 0.994 | |
| Language:Heritage:Measure:Friends | −0.46 | 0.37 | 330 | −1.23 | 0.221 | |
| Language:Heritage:Measure:Media | 0.33 | 0.42 | 330 | 0.79 | 0.430 | |
| Language:Heritage:Measure:Reading | 0.10 | 0.42 | 330 | 0.24 | 0.807 | |
| Language:Heritage:Measure:Individual | −0.50 | 0.36 | 330 | −1.38 | 0.169 | |
~
p < 0.08
*
p < 0.05
***
p < 0.001.