Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in the NHANES 2005–2006, stratified by sex
| Characteristics | Total (n = 2757) | Men (n = 1527) | Women (n = 1230) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [yrs., mean ± SD] | 47.97 ± 17.81 | 48.48 ± 18.18 | 47.34 ± 17.33 | 0.093 |
| Age [yrs., n (%)] | ||||
| 20 ~ 39 | 1000 (36.27) | 557 (36.48) | 443 (36.02) | 0.012 |
| 40 ~ 59 | 949 (34.42) | 493 (32.29) | 456 (37.07) | |
| ≥ 60 | 808 (29.31) | 477 (31.24) | 331 (26.91) | |
| Race [n (%)] | ||||
| Mexican American | 557 (20.20) | 318 (20.83) | 239 (19.43) | 0.126 |
| Hispanic | 88 (3.19) | 47 (3.08) | 41 (3.33) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 1416 (51.36) | 792 (51.87) | 624 (50.73) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 590 (21.40) | 324 (21.22) | 266 (21.63) | |
| Other | 106 (3.84) | 46 (3.01) | 60 (4.88) | |
| Education [n (%)] | ||||
| Lower than high school | 721 (26.15) | 443 (29.01) | 278 (22.60) | < 0.001 |
| High school | 646 (23.43) | 364 (23.84) | 282 (22.93) | |
| Above high school | 1390 (50.42) | 720 (47.15) | 670 (54.47) | |
| PIR [mean ± SD] | 2.80 ± 1.61 | 2.80 ± 1.61 | 2.81 ± 1.63 | 0.909 |
| PIR [n (%)] | ||||
| 0 ~ 0.99 | 440 (15.96) | 245 (16.04) | 195 (15.85) | 0.892 |
| ≥ 1.00 | 2317 (84.04) | 1282 (83.96) | 1035 (84.15) | |
| BMI [kg/m2, mean ± SD] | 27.76 ± 5.27 | 27.68 ± 4.63 | 27.86 ± 5.97 | 0.384 |
| BMI [kg/m2, n (%)] | ||||
| ≤ 30 | 1928 (69.93) | 1105 (72.36) | 823 (66.91) | 0.002 |
| ≥ 30 | 829 (30.07) | 422 (27.64) | 407 (33.09) | |
| Physical activity [n (%)] | ||||
| Sedentary | 994 (36.05) | 554 (36.28) | 440 (35.77) | < 0.001 |
| Insufficient | 584 (21.18) | 287 (18.80) | 297 (24.15) | |
| Moderate | 348 (12.62) | 187 (12.25) | 161 (13.009) | |
| High | 831 (30.14) | 499 (32.68) | 332 (26.99) | |
| Drink status [n (%)] | ||||
| Current | 1998 (72.47) | 1249 (81.79) | 749 (60.89) | < 0.001 |
| Ever | 432 (15.67) | 181 (11.85) | 251 (20.41) | |
| Never | 327 (11.86) | 97 (6.35) | 230 (18.70) | |
| Smoke status [n (%)] | ||||
| Current | 666 (24.16) | 416 (27.24) | 250 (20.33) | < 0.001 |
| Ever | 708 (25.68) | 471 (30.84) | 237 (19.27) | |
| Never | 1383 (50.16) | 640 (41.91) | 743 (60.41) | |
| Diabetes [n (%)] | ||||
| Yes | 241 (8.74) | 137 (8.97) | 104 (8.46) | 0.633 |
| No | 2516 (91.26) | 1390 (91.03) | 1126 (91.54) | |
| Hypertension [n (%)] | ||||
| Yes | 825 (29.92) | 455 (29.80) | 370 (30.08) | 0.871 |
| No | 1932 (70.08) | 1072 (70.20) | 860 (69.92) | |
| Regular milk consumption [n (%)] | ||||
| Current | 1116 (40.48) | 654 (42.83) | 462 (37.56) | < 0.001 |
| Never | 601 (21.80) | 294 (19.25) | 307 (24.96) | |
| Ever | 1040 (37.72) | 579 (37.92) | 461 (37.48) | |
| Prednisone/cortisone intake daily [n (%)] | ||||
| Yes | 119 (4.32) | 51 (3.34) | 68 (5.53) | 0.005 |
| No | 2638 (95.68) | 1476 (96.66) | 1162 (94.47) | |
| Osteoporosis family history [n (%)] | ||||
| Yes | 248 (9.00) | 99 (6.48) | 149 (12.11) | < 0.001 |
| No | 2509 (91.00) | 1428 (93.52) | 1081 (87.89) | |
| Calcium [mmol/L, mean ± SD] | 2.37 ± 0.09 | 2.38 ± 0.09 | 2.36 ± 0.09 | < 0.001 |
| Total femur BMD [gm/cm2, mean ± SD] | 0.99 ± 0.16 | 1.04 ± 0.15 | 0.92 ± 0.15 | < 0.001 |
| Femoral neck BMD [gm/cm2, mean ± SD] | 0.85 ± 0.15 | 0.88 ± 0.15 | 0.81 ± 0.14 | < 0.001 |
NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, PIR Family poverty-to-income ratio, BMD, bone mineral density