Table 1.

CAFs-derived exosomes affect signaling pathways in immunotherapy

Cancer type	Exosomes	Functions	Molecular mechanisms	Reference
Breast cancer	miR-181D-5P	Promote cancer cell proliferation, invasion and accelerate EMT	Target CDX2 and downregulate CDX2 and HOXA5	[108]
	miR-92	Increased apoptosis and impaired proliferation of T cells	miR-92/YAP1-LATS2/PD-L1	[86]
	SNHG3 (lncRNA)	Increase glycolysis metabolism and inhibit immune cell activity	Target miR-330-5p and increase the PKM expression	[109]
Lung cancer	OIP5-AS1	Inhibition of PBMCs-induced killing of lung cancer cells	OIP5-AS1/miR-142-5p/PD-L1 axis	[110]
Colorectal cancer	CircEIF3K	Inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation, invasion and tube formation	circEIF3K/miR-214/PD-L1	[85]