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. 2023 Feb 9;27:10. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00348-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Common post-decellularization modifications to address the immunogenicity of dECM scaffolds. A Selective antigen removal techniques rely on enzymatic treatment to specifically remove antigens (i.e., α-gal, Neu5Gc, and Sda epitopes). B Crosslinking may reduce the immunogenicity of dECM by masking exposed antigenic sites. C Solubilization removes various protein antigens (hydrophobic and hydrophilic antigens) according to their common physiochemical properties. D Terminal sterilization eliminates pathogen-related immunogenicity of viruses and bacteria in the dECM scaffolds