Table 2.
Associations Between Race/Ethnic-Specific Social Capital and Social Cohesion and Race/Ethnic-Specific Late HIV Diagnosis, 2009 to 2016.
| Late HIV diagnosis among Black/African Americans | Late HIV diagnosis among Whites | Late HIV diagnosis among Hispanic/Latinos | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relative Risk and 95% credible interval | |||||||||
| Black social capital and social cohesion in association with late HIV diagnosis | RR | 95% CrI | RR | 95% CrI | RR | 95% CrI | |||
| % of male | 0.97 | 0.84 | 1.13 | 0.87 | 0.67 | 1.11 | 1.03 | 0.85 | 1.25 |
| % of black | 2.45 | 1.96 | 3.08 | 0.59 | 0.45 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.51 | 0.90 |
| % of foreign born | 1.14 | 0.94 | 1.37 | 0.94 | 0.77 | 1.14 | 1.07 | 0.85 | 1.35 |
| % of vacant homes | 1.06 | 0.91 | 1.24 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 1.23 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 1.26 |
| Socioeconomic disadvantage | 1.20 | 0.97 | 1.49 | 0.88 | 0.67 | 1.15 | 2.04 | 1.54 | 2.71 |
| Feelings of belongingness (med) | 1.06 | 0.72 | 1.56 | 0.86 | 0.53 | 1.41 | 0.97 | 0.54 | 1.72 |
| Feelings of belongingness (high) | 1.21 | 0.73 | 2.01 | 0.83 | 0.41 | 1.67 | 0.86 | 0.39 | 1.86 |
| Trust in neighbors (med) | 0.52 | 0.34 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.45 | 1.35 | 1.20 | 0.66 | 2.18 |
| Trust in neighbors (high) | 0.66 | 0.38 | 1.10 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.32 | 1.77 |
| Collective engagement (med) | 0.86 | 0.54 | 1.35 | 0.99 | 0.61 | 1.61 | 1.06 | 0.60 | 1.87 |
| Collective engagement (high) | 1.19 | 0.72 | 1.96 | 0.99 | 0.54 | 1.81 | 1.27 | 0.63 | 2.55 |
| Neighbors willing to help (med) | 1.00 | 0.73 | 1.37 | 0.84 | 0.52 | 1.36 | 1.13 | 0.66 | 1.94 |
| Neighbors willing to help (high) | 1.00 | 0.65 | 1.53 | 0.70 | 0.33 | 1.47 | 1.15 | 0.54 | 2.43 |
| Civic and social participation (med) | 0.91 | 0.68 | 1.23 | 0.96 | 0.61 | 1.52 | 0.80 | 0.49 | 1.31 |
| Civic and social participation (high) | 0.87 | 0.63 | 1.20 | 1.01 | 0.60 | 1.69 | 1.05 | 0.61 | 1.82 |
| White social capital and social cohesion in association with late HIV diagnosis | |||||||||
| % of male | 0.96 | 0.83 | 1.11 | 0.86 | 0.66 | 1.09 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 1.22 |
| % of black | 2.60 | 2.08 | 3.26 | 0.57 | 0.44 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.61 | 1.06 |
| % of foreign born | 1.18 | 0.96 | 1.45 | 0.92 | 0.75 | 1.12 | 1.06 | 0.83 | 1.36 |
| % of vacant homes | 1.08 | 0.92 | 1.26 | 0.93 | 0.75 | 1.14 | 1.01 | 0.79 | 1.29 |
| Socioeconomic disadvantage | 1.30 | 1.04 | 1.62 | 0.99 | 0.76 | 1.28 | 1.77 | 1.33 | 2.36 |
| Feelings of belongingness (med) | 0.99 | 0.65 | 1.49 | 0.70 | 0.38 | 1.28 | 0.72 | 0.40 | 1.27 |
| Feelings of belongingness (high) | 1.05 | 0.59 | 1.85 | 1.01 | 0.47 | 2.18 | 0.69 | 0.25 | 1.85 |
| Trust in neighbors (med) | 0.87 | 0.56 | 1.36 | 1.27 | 0.66 | 2.44 | 0.53 | 0.26 | 1.05 |
| Trust in neighbors (high) | 0.91 | 0.49 | 1.68 | 1.17 | 0.46 | 2.99 | 0.81 | 0.27 | 2.39 |
| Collective engagement (med) | 1.49 | 0.95 | 2.37 | 1.06 | 0.65 | 1.72 | 1.13 | 0.64 | 1.97 |
| Collective engagement (high) | 1.52 | 0.91 | 2.59 | 1.12 | 0.62 | 2.03 | 1.17 | 0.56 | 2.46 |
| Neighbors willing to help (med) | 0.97 | 0.59 | 1.58 | 0.74 | 0.39 | 1.43 | 1.05 | 0.52 | 2.08 |
| Neighbors willing to help (high) | 1.09 | 0.58 | 2.08 | 0.44 | 0.18 | 0.88 | 0.73 | 0.26 | 2.06 |
| Civic and social participation (med) | 1.08 | 0.78 | 1.49 | 0.76 | 0.46 | 1.24 | 0.55 | 0.31 | 0.95 |
| Civic and social participation (high) | 0.97 | 0.64 | 1.47 | 1.02 | 0.58 | 1.82 | 1.06 | 0.53 | 2.06 |
| Hispanic social capital and social cohesion in association with late HIV diagnosis | |||||||||
| % of male | 0.96 | 0.83 | 1.11 | 0.86 | 0.66 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 0.87 | 1.29 |
| % of black | 2.72 | 2.18 | 3.44 | 0.60 | 0.46 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 1.06 |
| % of foreign born | 1.12 | 0.91 | 1.37 | 0.99 | 0.81 | 1.21 | 1.02 | 0.80 | 1.30 |
| % of vacant homes | 1.08 | 0.93 | 1.26 | 0.95 | 0.78 | 1.16 | 0.99 | 0.78 | 1.25 |
| Socioeconomic disadvantage | 1.17 | 0.94 | 1.46 | 0.94 | 0.73 | 1.21 | 1.68 | 1.27 | 2.21 |
| Feelings of belongingness (med) | 0.97 | 0.73 | 1.32 | 1.02 | 0.64 | 1.61 | 0.94 | 0.59 | 1.51 |
| Feelings of belongingness (high) | 0.86 | 0.62 | 1.22 | 1.15 | 0.72 | 1.84 | 0.90 | 0.53 | 1.53 |
| Trust in neighbors (med) | 0.90 | 0.66 | 1.23 | 0.99 | 0.57 | 1.73 | 0.58 | 0.33 | 1.02 |
| Trust in neighbors (high) | 0.70 | 0.46 | 1.07 | 1.16 | 0.61 | 2.21 | 0.63 | 0.30 | 1.31 |
| Collective engagement (med) | 1.08 | 0.71 | 1.63 | 1.41 | 0.89 | 2.23 | 0.90 | 0.54 | 1.50 |
| Collective engagement (high) | 1.04 | 0.65 | 1.65 | 1.63 | 0.93 | 2.87 | 0.75 | 0.38 | 1.47 |
| Neighbors willing to help (med) | 1.30 | 0.97 | 1.75 | 0.55 | 0.34 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.49 | 1.23 |
| Neighbors willing to help (high) | 1.02 | 0.69 | 1.50 | 0.58 | 0.35 | 0.97 | 0.54 | 0.27 | 1.02 |
| Civic and social participation (med) | 0.86 | 0.64 | 1.15 | 0.42 | 0.24 | 0.69 | 1.18 | 0.71 | 1.94 |
| Civic and social participation (high) | 1.05 | 0.75 | 1.47 | 0.53 | 0.31 | 0.92 | 1.06 | 0.57 | 1.94 |
Notes: The reference group for all the social cohesion and capital variables is “low” so results are interpreted as medium or high levels (compared to low levels). The models are based on multivariable analyses and all the covariates are continuously specified so there is no reference group but interpreted as a one-unit change on the standard deviation scale.
In all analyses, there are covariates that correspond to the distribution of these social determinants among the total Philadelphia population, within each Census Tract: % black,% male,% of foreign born,% vacant homes, and socioeconomic disadvantage.