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. 2023 Jan 31;7(1):77–105. doi: 10.3233/ADR-220022

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© 2023 – The authors. Published by IOS Press

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 1 — LED devices used for tPBM Protocols A, B, and C. Protocol A: In-office treatments with red/NIR, LED cluster heads (1); two sets of six, LED cluster heads were held in place with a soft, breathable, nylon cap (arrow, 2), MedX Health, Inc., Canada. Supplementary Table 2 lists all LED parameters. Protocol B: At-home treatments with single, NIR diodes (810 nm, pulsed 40 Hz) placed on scalp only over cortical nodes, Default Mode Network, including a single, NIR intranasal applicator directed towards olfactory bulbs to indirectly treat connections with hippocampal areas (3), Neuro Gamma device; plus a separate, red intranasal diode (4), Vielight, Inc., Canada. Not necessary to shave the head. Additional home treatment information is in Supplementary Text Material 2. Protocol C: In-office treatment with a helmet (5), lined with red/NIR, LED cluster heads placed in rows inside the helmet (6), THOR Photomedicine, Ltd., UK. NIR, near-infrared. Permissions: Protocol A, (2) reprinted with authors’ permission from [59]. Protocol B, (3) and (4) reprinted with permission from Vielight, Inc., in the public domain.