Table 3.
Test statistics of tests on evaluations of associations and evaluation of adjective pairs.
| Evaluations of associations | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Violated assumptions for parametric testing | F | df1 | df2 | p | η2 | |
| Evaluation of polarity indices | all DVs NN, BM, EV for typical leader | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 7.06 | 2.00 | 372.00 | *** | 0.037 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 5.22 | 2.00 | 372.00 | 0.006 | 0.027 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 2.97 | 1.00 | 186.00 | 0.087 | 0.016 | |
| Evaluation of neutrality indices | all DVs NN, BM, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 3.13 | 1,89 | 351.61 | 0.048 | 0.017 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 1.54 | 1,89 | 351.61 | 0.217 | 0.008 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 1.53 | 1.00 | 186.00 | 0.218 | 0.008 | |
| Evaluation of adjective pairs | ||||||
| Evaluation of extravagant–thrifty / stingy–generous | all DVs NN, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 16.00 | 1.79 | 323.11 | *** | 0.081 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 2.40 | 1.79 | 323.11 | 0.099 | 0.013 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 3.46 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.065 | 0.019 | |
| Evaluation of impulsive–self-controlled / inhibited–spontaneous | all DVs NN | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 12.70 | 2.00 | 362.00 | *** | 0.006 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 2.16 | 2.00 | 362.00 | 0.117 | 0.012 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.03 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.869 | 0.000 | |
| Evaluation of frivolous–serious / grim–jolly | all DVs NN, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 9.61 | 1.71 | 308.66 | *** | 0.050 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 1.54 | 1.71 | 308.66 | 0.217 | 0.008 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.02 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.877 | 0.000 | |
| Evaluation of gullible–skeptical / distrustful–trusting | all DVs NN, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 2.63 | 1.91 | 346.22 | 0.074 | 0.014 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 2.23 | 1.91 | 346.22 | 0.137 | 0.012 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 1.05 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.306 | 0.006 | |
| Evaluation of lax–firm / severe–lenient | all DVs NN, BM, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 3.36 | 1.91 | 345.88 | 0.038 | 0.018 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 5.02 | 1.91 | 345.88 | 0.008 | 0.027 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.32 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.575 | 0.002 | |
| Evaluation of vacillating–persistent / inflexible–flexible | all DVs NN, BM, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 5.42 | 1.90 | 343.81 | 0.006 | 0.029 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 6.81 | 1.93 | 343.81 | 0.002 | 0.036 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.62 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.431 | 0.003 | |
| Evaluation of undiscriminating–selective / choosy–broad-minded | all DVs NN | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 4.49 | 2.00 | 362.00 | 0.012 | 0.024 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 5.45 | 2.00 | 362.00 | 0.005 | 0.029 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.73 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.393 | 0.004 | |
| Evaluation of rash–cautious / timid–bold | all DVs NN, BM, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 4.40 | 1.77 | 321.06 | 0.016 | 0.024 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 0.01 | 1.77 | 321.06 | 0.983 | 0.000 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.63 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.429 | 0.003 | |
| Evaluation of agitated–calm / inactive–active | all DVs NN, BM, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 3.83 | 1.84 | 333.61 | 0.026 | 0.021 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 4.03 | 1.84 | 333.61 | 0.022 | 0.022 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.01 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.928 | 0.000 | |
| Evaluation of aggressive–peaceful / passive–forceful | all DVs NN, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 9.69 | 1.88 | 332.52 | *** | 0.052 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 6.83 | 1.88 | 332.52 | 0.002 | 0.037 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.55 | 1.00 | 177.00 | 0.460 | 0.003 | |
| Evaluation of conceited–modest / unassured–self-confident | all DVs NN, BM, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 4.91 | 1.81 | 324.82 | 0.010 | 0.027 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 0.56 | 1.81 | 324.82 | 0.552 | 0.003 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.35 | 1.00 | 180.00 | 0.558 | 0.002 | |
| Evaluation of uncooperative–cooperative / conforming–independent | all DVs NN, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 5.44 | 1.92 | 344.31 | 0.005 | 0.030 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 1.55 | 1.92 | 344.31 | 0.215 | 0.009 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.13 | 1.00 | 179.00 | 0.717 | 0.001 | |
| Evaluation of tactless–tactful / devious–frank | all DVs NN | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 13.98 | 2.00 | 360.00 | *** | 0.072 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 3.97 | 2.00 | 360.00 | 0.020 | 0.022 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.90 | 1.00 | 180.00 | 0.345 | 0.005 | |
| Evaluation of impractical–practical / opportunistic–idealistic | all DVs NN, BM, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 4.57 | 1.77 | 315.43 | 0.014 | 0.025 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 6.89 | 1.77 | 315.43 | 0.002 | 0.037 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.19 | 1.00 | 178.00 | 0.661 | 0.001 | |
| Evaluation of deplorable–admirable / not likable–likable | all DVs NN, MA | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 6.85 | 1.79 | 323.12 | 0.002 | 0.036 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 1.33 | 1.79 | 323.12 | 0.264 | 0.007 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.03 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.870 | 0.000 | |
| Evaluation of lazy–hard-working | all DVs NN | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 14.66 | 2.00 | 362.00 | *** | 0.075 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 6.86 | 2.00 | 362.00 | 0.001 | 0.037 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.01 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.913 | 0.000 | |
| Evaluation of stupid–intelligent | all DVs NN | |||||
| Within-subjects effects | ||||||
| Stimulus | 7.21 | 2.00 | 362.00 | *** | 0.038 | |
| Stimulus x participants’ gender | 4.30 | 2.00 | 362.00 | 0.014 | 0.023 | |
| Between-subjects effects | ||||||
| Participants’ gender | 0.79 | 1.00 | 181.00 | 0.375 | 0.004 | |
***p < 0.001; NN indicates that the dependent variable is not normally distributed (i.e., significant Shapiro–Wilk test); BM indicates that covariances were not equal (i.e., significant Box-M test); MA indicates that sphericity was not assumed (i.e., significant Mauchly test of sphericity) and the measure of Greenhouse–Geisser was used; EV indicates that the error variance of the dependent variable is not equal; DV indicates dependent variable.