Table 4.
Mean differences and p-values of pairwise comparisons of indices and adjective pairs’ significant main effects of the independent within-subjects factor stimulus and significant interaction effects of the within-subjects factor stimulus and the between-subjects factor participants’ gender.
| Index or adjective pair | Subgroup | Comparisons | Mean difference | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main effects of stimulus | ||||
| Neutrality index | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.05 | 0.359 | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | −0.08 | 0.160 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.13 | 0.006 | ||
| Extravagant–thrifty / stingy–generous | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.33 | *** | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | −0.21 | 0.026 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.54 | *** | ||
| Impulsive–self-controlled / inhibited–spontaneous | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.45 | *** | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.57 | *** | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | 0.11 | 0.384 | ||
| Frivolous–serious / grim–jolly | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.38 | *** | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.05 | 0.600 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.33 | 0.003 | ||
| Rash–cautious / timid–bold | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.23 | *** | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.19 | 0.028 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.05 | 0.625 | ||
| Conceited–modest / unassured–self-confident | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.23 | 0.015 | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.34 | 0.002 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | 0.11 | 0.390 | ||
| Uncooperative–cooperative / conforming–independent | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.42 | 0.42 | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.11 | 0.407 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.31 | 0.032 | ||
| Tactless–tactful / devious–frank | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.59 | *** | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | −0.40 | 0.764 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.63 | *** | ||
| Deplorable–admirable / not likable–likable | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.21 | 0.036 | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | −0.24 | 0.060 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.45 | 0.001 | ||
| Stupid-intelligent | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.32 | 0.001 | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | −0.04 | 0.733 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.35 | 0.001 | ||
| Interaction effects of stimulus and participants’ gender | ||||
| Polarity index | Women | Typical leader vs. male leader | −0.04 | 1.000 |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.27 | *** | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | 0.31 | *** | ||
| Men | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.23 | 0.073 | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.17 | 0.225 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.06 | 1.000 | ||
| Typical leader | Women vs. men | −0.16 | 0.068 | |
| Male leader | Women vs. men | 0.11 | 0.198 | |
| Female leader | Women vs. men | −0.25 | 0.007 | |
| Vacillating–persistent / inflexible–flexible | Women | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.54 | *** |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | −0.08 | 1.000 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.62 | *** | ||
| Men | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.26 | 0.497 | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.53 | 0.022 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | 0.26 | 0.736 | ||
| Typical leader | Women vs. men | −0.01 | 0.970 | |
| Male leader | Women vs. men | −0.29 | 0.130 | |
| Female leader | Women vs. men | 0.60 | 0.002 | |
| Undiscriminating–selective / choosy–broad-minded | Women | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.44 | *** |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | −0.20 | 0.309 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.64 | *** | ||
| Men | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.05 | 1.000 | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.11 | 1.000 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | 0.05 | 1.000 | ||
| Typical leader | Women vs. men | 0.13 | 0.465 | |
| Male leader | Women vs. men | −0.26 | 0.105 | |
| Female leader | Women vs. men | 0.43 | 0.012 | |
| Aggressive–peaceful / passive–forceful | Women | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.45 | *** |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | −0.22 | 0.104 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.67 | *** | ||
| Men | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.24 | 0.209 | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.22 | 0.494 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.02 | 1.000 | ||
| Typical leader | Women vs. men | 0,00 | 0.987 | |
| Male leader | Women vs. men | −0.21 | 0.167 | |
| Female leader | Women vs. men | 0.44 | 0.004 | |
| Impractical–practical / opportunistic–idealistic | Women | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.34 | 0.003 |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | −0.06 | 1.000 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.40 | 0.016 | ||
| Men | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.26 | 0.283 | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.61 | 0.003 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | 0.35 | 0.301 | ||
| Typical leader | Women vs. men | −0.13 | 0.475 | |
| Male leader | Women vs. men | −0.22 | 0.235 | |
| Female leader | Women vs. men | 0.53 | 0.007 | |
| Lazy-hard-working | Women | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.56 | *** |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | −0.42 | 0.001 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.98 | *** | ||
| Men | Typical leader vs. male leader | 0.25 | 0.482 | |
| Typical leader vs. female leader | 0.07 | 1.000 | ||
| Male leader vs. female leader | −0.18 | 1.000 | ||
| Typical leader | Women vs. men | −0.04 | 0.833 | |
| Male leader | Women vs. men | −0.35 | 0.095 | |
| Female leader | Women vs. men | 0.45 | 0.020 | |
***p < 0.001; Bonferroni correction was used for interaction effects; positive differences indicate that the parameter on the left side of the comparison column is higher than the parameter on the right side of the comparison column and negative differences indicate that the parameter on the left side of the comparison column is lower than the parameter on the right side of the comparison column.