Table 4.

Model B: Linear mixed model with participant group, noise type, and context as fixed effects and recall as the dependent variable (pairwise contrasts are intended).

Parameter	Estimate	Test statistic (df)	p value
Participant group		F = 6.76 (2)	< .01**
YNH vs. ONN	15.28	t = 2.77 (23)	< .05*
YNH vs. OHI	19.68	t = 3.46 (23)	< .01**
ONN vs. OHI	4.41	t = 0.77 (23)	.45
Noise type		F = 1.89 (2)	= .16
Context		F = 11.04 (1)	< .01**
High vs. low	4.56	t = 3.32 (115)	< .01**
Participant Group × Noise Type		F = 1.21 (4)	= .31
Participant Group × Context		F = 1.88 (2)	= .16
Noise type × Context		F = 1.51 (2)	= .23
Participant Group × Noise Type × Context		F = 1.28 (4)	= .28

Note.  p values were adjusted using the Holm–Bonferroni method for multiple comparisons. df = degrees of freedom; YNH = younger group with normal hearing; ONN = older group with near-normal hearing; OHI = older group with hearing impairment.

^* p value is less than .05.

^** p value is less than .01.