Table 5.
Model C: Linear mixed model with participant group, noise type, and context as fixed effects and recall as the dependent variable (pairwise contrasts are intended).
| Parameter | Estimate | Test statistic (df) | p value | Contrast no. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant group | - | F = 5.44 (2) | < .05* | ||
| Noise | - | F = 16.68 (1) | < .001*** | ||
| Context | - | F = 5.79 (1) | < .05* | ||
| Participant Group × Noise | - | F = 1.59 (2) | = .21 | ||
| Participant Group × Context | - | F = 1.59 (2) | = .21 | ||
| Noise × Context | - | F = 0.61 (1) | = .44 | ||
| Participant Group × Noise × Context | - | F = 5.83 (2) | < .01** | ||
| High | YNH (noise vs. quiet) | 1.16 | t = 0.34 (173) | = 1.00 | |
| ONN (noise vs. quiet) | −3.24 | t = −0.94 (173) | = 1.00 | ||
| OHI (noise vs. quiet) | −12.11 | t = −3.32 (173) | < .05* | 1 | |
| Low | YNH (noise vs. quiet) | −6.37 | t = −1.85 (173) | = .85 | |
| ONN (noise vs. quiet) | −14.12 | t = −4.11 (173) | < .01** | 3 | |
| OHI (noise vs. quiet) | −0.39 | t = −0.11 (173) | = 1.00 | ||
| Noise | YNH (high vs. low) | 4.75 | t = 1.95 (173) | .73 | |
| ONN (high vs. low) | 7.76 | t = 3.19 (173) | < .05* | 4 | |
| OHI (high vs. low) | 1.17 | t = 0.46 (173) | = 1.00 | ||
| Quiet | YNH (high vs. low) | −2.78 | t = −0.66 (173) | = 1.00 | |
| ONN (high vs. low) | −3.13 | t = −0.74 (173) | = 1.00 | ||
| OHI (high vs. low) | 12.89 | t = 2.89 (173) | = .08 | 2 | |
| High | Noise (YNH vs. ONN) | 13.77 | t = 2.42 (29.24) | = .35 | |
| Noise (YNH vs. OHI) | 21.47 | t = 3.67 (29.24) | < .05* | ||
| Noise (ONN vs. OHI) | 7.70 | t = 1.31 (29.24) | = 1.00 | ||
| Low | Noise (YNH vs. ONN) | 16.78 | t = 2.95 (29.24) | = .10 | |
| Noise (YNH vs. OHI) | 17.90 | t = 3.06 (29.24) | = .09 | ||
| Noise (ONN vs. OHI) | 1.11 | t = 0.19 (29.24) | = 1.00 | ||
| High | Quiet (YNH vs. ONN) | 9.38 | t = 1.41 (52.57) | = 1.00 | |
| Quiet (YNH vs. OHI) | 8.20 | t = 1.20 (52.57) | = 1.00 | ||
| Quiet (ONN vs. OHI) | −1.17 | t = −0.17 (52.57) | = 1.00 | ||
| Low | Quiet (YNH vs. ONN) | 9.03 | t = 1.36 (52.57) | = 1.00 | |
| Quiet (YNH vs. OHI) | 23.87 | t = 3.49 (52.57) | < .05* | ||
| Quiet (ONN vs. OHI) | 14.84 | t = 2.17 (52.57) | = .52 | ||
Note. p values were adjusted using the Holm–Bonferroni method for multiple comparisons. df = degrees of freedom; YNH = younger group with normal hearing; ONN = older group with near-normal hearing; OHI = older group with hearing impairment.
*
p value is less than .05.
**
p value is less than .01.
***
p value is less than .001.