Alpha-mangostin inhibits USP45-induced cervical cancer stemness and drug resistance. (A–D) SiHa cells stably expressing USP45 were treated with 30 μM α-mangostin (AMG), and cells were collected and subjected to (A) Western Blot analysis, (B) tumorsphere formation assay, (C) FACS analyses for CD133-stained cells and (D,E) Hoechst 33,342 stain analysis. (F) The SiHa cells were treated with increasing concentrations of AMG for 48 h, cells were subjected to MTT cell viability assay. (G) The SiHa cells were treated with increasing concentrations of DOX or its combination with 30 μM AMG for 48 h, followed by the MTT cell viability analysis. (H,I) The SiHa cells were placed on culture plates and treated with 0.5 μM DOX alone, 30 μM AMG alone or their combination, followed by (H) the cell proliferation assay and (I) the apoptosis assay with Annexin V/PI staining. Respective images and quantitation were shown. Data from independent experiments in duplicates were presented as means ± SD: p > 0.05 (no significance/ns), * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. Scale bar is 100 μm. Experiments were conducted at least two times in duplicates.