Table 1.
Studies of selected miRNAs targeting multiple immune checkpoints and the total number of potential targets of selected miRNAs.
| MiRNA | Targeted Immune Checkpoints |
Tumor Type | Experimental Setting | Functional Mechanisms | References | Number of Predicted Targets | Conserved Sites and Poorly Conserved Sites |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MiR-93-5p | B7-H6, PD-L1, PD-L2 |
Breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer | Database, in vitro, human sample |
Reducing the expression of PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, and B7-H6 | [24,25,26] | 1385 | 2561 |
| MiR-149-3p | PD-1, TIM-3, BTLA |
Breast cancer | In vitro | Downregulating mRNAs for PD-1, TIM-3, and BTLA | [27] | 7852 | 17186 |
| MiR-195/MiR-497 | PD-L1, B7-H6 |
Breast cancer, diffuse large B cell lymphoma | Database, in vitro |
Reducing the expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, and B7-H6 | [25,28] | 1515 | 2456 |
| MiR-5119 | PD-L1, IDO2 |
Breast cancer | In vivo, in vitro |
Downregulating the expression of PD-L1 and IDO2 | [29] | 3078 | 2537 |
| MiR-138-5p | PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA-4 |
Breast cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma | In vitro | Direct anti-tumoral effects and immunostimulatory effects by targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 | [30,31] | 704 | 1093 |
| MiR-100-5p | PD-L1, PD-1 PD-L2 |
Breast cancer, bladder cancer | Database, human sample |
Downregulating the expression of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 | [32,33] | 59 | 62 |
| MiR-200a | PD-L1, PD-1 |
Breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancer | Database, in vitro |
Targeting PD-L1, PD-1, and CD86 | [33,34] | 905 | 1593 |
| MiR-21-5p | PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA-4,LAG3 |
Breast cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Database, in vitro |
Upregulating PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA-4, and LAG3 | [33,35] | 384 | 552 |
| MiR-4443 | TIGIT, CTLA-4 |
Lung cancer | In vivo, In vitro, database |
Targeting TIGIT and CTLA-4 | [36,37] | 4481 | 6052 |