Table 4.
Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) in bacterial compositions of duodenal biopsy specimens considering different variables.
| Variables | Grouping | Pseudo–F | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical condition | HC vs. IBD | 1.07 | 0.358 | |
| Age | Young (<4)/adult (4–8)/senior (>8) | 1.18 | 0.346 | |
| Sex | Male/female | 0.60 | 0.650 | |
| Fertile status | Spayed or neutered/entire | 3.22 | 0.034 * | |
| Breed | Pure-breed/mixed-breed | 1.03 | 0.393 | |
| Weight | Small (<10 Kg)/medium-size (10–20 Kg)/large-size (>20 Kg) | 2.58 | 0.014 * | |
| BCS | Low (1–4)/normal (5)/high (6–9) | 0.57 | 0.750 | |
| Living with other pets | Yes/no | 0.58 | 0.663 | |
| Habitat | Indoor/50–50/outdoor | 0.64 | 0.680 | |
| Clinical onset–diagnosis | NA/more than a year/less than a year | 1.24 | 0.317 | |
| Clinical activity indexes | ||||
| CIBDAI [31] | NA, clinically insignificant, mild, moderate, severe | 0.72 | 0.679 | |
| CCECAI [28] | NA, clinically insignificant, mild, moderate, severe | 0.67 | 0.769 | |
| Endoscopic indexes | ||||
| Slovak et al. [32] |
Stom. Quan. | Scores (0–4) | 1.01 | 0.455 |
| Stom. Qual. | Scores (0–3) | 1.26 | 0.284 | |
| Duod. Quan. | Scores (0–6) | 0.45 | 0.946 | |
| Duod. Qual. | Scores (0–4) | 0.60 | 0.759 | |
| WSAVA [1] |
Esophagus | Scores (0–6) | 1.13 | 0.354 |
| Stomach | Scores (0–12) | 0.98 | 0.500 | |
| Duodenum | Scores (0–15) | 0.66 | 0.864 | |
| Histopathological indexes | ||||
| WSAVA [1] |
Stomach | Scores (0–8) | 2.49 | 0.007 * |
| Duodenum | Scores (0–18) | 1.84 | 0.046 * | |
| Abbreviated [33] | Stomach | Scores (0–6) | 2.08 | 0.037 * |
| Duodenum | Scores (0–14) | 1.73 | 0.035 * | |
* p–value was significant when < 0.05; BCS, body condition score; CIBDAI, canine IBD activity index; CCECAI, canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index; duod., duodenum; HC, healthy control; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; NA, not applied; qual., qualitative; quant., quantitative; stom., stomach; WSAVA, World Small Animal Veterinary Association.