Table 6.
Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) in bacterial compositions of fecal samples considering different variables.
| Variables | Grouping | Pseudo–F | p–Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical condition | HC vs. IBD | 4.83 | 0.006 * | |
| Age | Young (<4)/adult (4–8)/senior (>8) | 0.88 | 0.471 | |
| Sex | Male/female | 2.13 | 0.112 | |
| Fertile status | Spayed or neutered/entire | 1.19 | 0.312 | |
| Breed | Pure-breed/mixed-breed | 2.68 | 0.055 | |
| Weight | Small (<10 Kg)/medium-size (10–20 Kg)/large-size (>20 Kg) | 2.34 | 0.048 * | |
| BCS | Low (1–4)/normal (5)/higher (6–9) | 1.08 | 0.398 | |
| Living with other pets | Yes/no | 3.35 | 0.031 * | |
| Habitat | Indoor/50–50/outdoor | 0.61 | 0.674 | |
| Clinical onset–diagnosis | NA/more than a year/less than a year | 2.65 | 0.037 * | |
| Clinical activity indexes | ||||
| CIBDAI [31] | NA, clinically insignificant, mild, moderate, severe | 2.07 | 0.029 * | |
| CCECAI [28] | NA, clinically insignificant, mild, moderate, severe, very severe | 1.18 | 0.316 | |
| Endoscopic indexes | ||||
| Slovak et al. [32] |
Stom. Quan. | Scores (0–4) | 1.62 | 0.111 |
| Stom. Qual. | Scores (0–3) | 1.10 | 0.353 | |
| Duod. Quan. | Scores (0–6) | 0.86 | 0.598 | |
| Duod. Qual. | Scores (0–4) | 0.49 | 0.893 | |
| WSAVA [1] |
Esophagus | Scores (0–6) | 0.83 | 0.619 |
| Stomach | Scores (0–12) | 1.20 | 0.256 | |
| Duodenum | Scores (0–15) | 0.79 | 0.775 | |
| Histopathological indexes | ||||
| WSAVA [1] |
Stomach | Scores (0–8) | 0.93 | 0.559 |
| Duodenum | Scores (0–18) | 1.26 | 0.180 | |
| Abbreviated [33] |
Stomach | Scores (0–6) | 0.33 | 0.985 |
| Duodenum | Scores (0–14) | 1.07 | 0.382 | |
* p-value was significant when < 0.05; BCS, body condition score; CIBDAI, canine IBD activity index; CCECAI, canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index; duod., duodenum; HC, healthy control; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; NA, not applied; qual., qualitative; quant., quantitative; stom., stomach; WSAVA, World Small Animal Veterinary Association.