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Helper ILCs in the melanoma TME. Within the melanoma TME, TGF-β secreted by melanoma cells switches NK cells into ILC1s, which in turn support melanoma growth by producing TNFα (A). On the other side, ILC2s exert anti-melanoma effects by recruiting eosinophils through IL-5 and GM-CSF (B). Moreover, ILC3s activated by DCs via IL-12 induce the expression of VCAM on the melanoma vasculature, promoting leukocyte infiltration (C).
