Table 4.
Association of surfactant administration methods and gestational age with the subsequent need for mechanical ventilation and the occurrence of major neonatal morbidities.
| GA, Weeks | p-Value ‡ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22–25 Weeks | 26–29 Weeks | 30–32 Weeks | ||
| Need of MV (<72 h), n (%) | ||||
| LISA, n MV/n total | 4/5 (80) | 8/36 (22.2) | 1/11 (9.1) | 0.0133 * |
| INSURE, n MV/n total | 2/5 (40) | 7/19 (36.8) | 4/10 (40) | 0.9824 |
| Need for subsequent surfactant doses | ||||
| LISA, n subsequent doses/n total | 0/5 (0) | 4/36 (11.1) | 0/11 (0) | 0.0025 * |
| INSURE, n subsequent doses/n total | 0/5 (0) | 4/19 (21.1) | 2/10 (20) | 0.0017 * |
| STANDARD, n subsequent doses/n total | 5/27 (18.5) | 4/17 (23.5) | 3/5 (60) | 0.0108 * |
| Morbidity, n (%) | ||||
| LISA, n morbidity/n total | 4/5 (80) | 22/36 (61.1) | 6/11 (54.6) | 0.0174 * |
| INSURE, n morbidity/n total | 5/5 (100) | 14/19 (73.7) | 7/10 (70) | 0.0351 * |
| STANDARD, n morbidity/n total | 23/27 (85.2) | 15/17 (88.2) | 5/5 (100) | 0.4802 |
| Pneumothorax, n (%) | ||||
| LISA, n Pneumothorax/n total | 0/5 (0) | 2/36 (5.6) | 0/11 (0) | 0.4709 |
| INSURE, n Pneumothorax/n total | 0/5 (0) | 2/19 (10.5) | 1/10 (10) | 0.6049 |
| STANDARD, n Pneumothorax/n total | 4/27 (14.8) | 3/17 (17.7) | 2/5 (40) | 0.0364 * |
| BPD, n (%) | ||||
| LISA, n BPD/n total | 2/5 (40) | 10/36 (27.8) | 1/11 (9.1) | 0.0031 * |
| INSURE, n BPD/n total | 4/5 (80) | 8/19 (42.1) | 1/10 (10) | 0.0196 * |
| STANDARD, n BPD/n total | 11/27 (40.7) | 8/17 (47.1) | 3/5 (60) | 0.7116 |
| IVH grade 3–4, n (%) | ||||
| LISA, n IVH/n total | 2/5 (40) | 0/36 (0) | 0/11 (0) | 0.0060 * |
| INSURE, n IVH/n total | 0/5 (0) | 1/19 (5.3) | 1/10 (10) | 0.6453 |
| STANDARD, n IVH/n total | 9/27 (33.3) | 4/17 (23.5) | 0/5 (0) | 0.0284 * |
| PVL, n (%) | ||||
| LISA, n PVL/n total | - | - | - | - |
| INSURE, n PVL/n total | 0/5 (0) | 3/19 (15.8) | 1/10 (10) | 0.4596 |
| STANDARD, n PVL/n total | 1/27 (3.7) | 1/17 (5.9) | 1/5 (20) | 0.4948 |
| PDA, n (%) | ||||
| LISA, n PDA/n total | 2/5 (40) | 9/36 (25) | 3/11 (27.3) | 0.7905 |
| INSURE, n PDA/n total | 2/5 (40) | 4/19 (21.1) | 5/10 (50) | 0.2649 |
| STANDARD, n PDA/n total | 3/27 (11.1) | 8/17 (47.1) | 1/5 (20) | 0.0272 * |
| Sepsis/probable sepsis, n (%) | ||||
| LISA, nsepsis/probable sepsis/n total | 1/5 (10) | 4/36 (11.1) | 1/11 (9.1) | 0.8305 |
| INSURE, nsepsis/probable sepsis/n total | 3/5 (60) | 3/19 (15.8) | 0/10 (0) | 0.0151 * |
| STANDARD, nsepsis/probable sepsis/n total | 5/27 (18.5) | 6/16 (37.5) | 0/4 (0) | 0.0028 * |
| Deaths, n (%) | ||||
| LISA, n Deaths/n total | 2/5 (40) | 0/36 (0) | 0/11 (0) | 0.0047 * |
| INSURE, n Deaths/n total | 1/5 (20) | 0/19 (0) | 1/10 (10) | 0.1566 |
| STANDARD, n Deaths/n total | 17/27 (62.9) | 1/17 (5.9) | 0/5 (0) | 0.00002 * |
| ROP, n (%) | ||||
| LISA, n ROP/n total | 2/5 (40) | 6/36 (16.7) | 0/11 (0) | 0.0409 * |
| INSURE, n ROP/n total | 1/5 (20) | 2/19 (105) | 2/10 (20) | 0.7422 |
| STANDARD, n ROP/n total | 8/27 (29.6) | 8/17 (47.1) | 1/5 (20) | 0.3811 |
| NICU, days | ||||
| LISA, median (IQR) | 27 (23–27) | 21 (15–27) | 12 (10–20) | 0.0329 * |
| INSURE, median (IQR) | 25 (22–27) | 21 (14–26) | 17 (13–19) | 0.0414 * |
| STANDARD, median (IQR) | 11 (2–28) | 40 (26–44) | 29 (28–60) | 0.0103 * |
LISA: Less Invasive Surfactant Administration; INSURE: INtubation-SURfactant administration-Extubation; n: number; GA: gestational age; MV: mechanical ventilation; BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage; PVL: periventricular leukomalacia; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; NICU: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit; IQR: interquartile range; ‡ Pearson Chi-square test; * Marked effects are significant at p < 0.05.