Table 1.

Outcomes of studies evaluating the impact of history of depression in women with gestational diabetes.

Author, Year Published	Study Design	Measure of Depression	Results
Beka et al., 2018 [44]	n = 373,674 (25.7% with HD) Retrospective Cohort	ICD-10 ICD-9	Women with depression early in pregnancy had a 3.21-fold increased risk of developing GD (95% CI: 1.00–10.28). A total of 3.8% developed GD.
Clark et al., 2019 [45]	n = 1439 ((1) 25% with HD, (2) 27% with GD) Retrospective Case-Control	ICD-9	Pregnant women with a history of mood or anxiety disorders are more likely to develop GD (OR (95% CI): 1.10 (1.06–1.14))
Dahlen et al., 2015 [43]	n = 3092 (10.7% with GD) Retrospective Cohort	EPDS ≥ 13	Women with a score greater than 13 on the EPDS scale were more likely to develop GD (adjusted OR (95% CI): 1.85 (1.14–3.03), p < 0.025).
Hinkle et al., 2016 [29]	n = 2802 (3.7% with GD) Prospective Cohort	EPDS ≥ 10	Women with depression early in pregnancy had a 3.21-fold increased risk of developing GD (95% CI: 1.00–10.28).
Minschart et al., 2021 [40]	n = 1843 (12.5% with GD) Prospective Cohort	CES-D Health Survey (SF-36)	Women who developed GDM (231; 12.5%) had significantly more often depressive symptoms than NGT (1612; 87.5%) women (21.3% (48) vs 15.1% (239), odds ratio (OR) 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.08–2.16), p = 0.017).
Schoenaker et al., 2019 [42]	n = 11,556 (4.6% with GD) Prospective Cohort	CES-D	HD was correlated with insulin use in pregnancy (p = 0.012).

CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CI: Confidence Interval; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GD: Gestational Diabetes; HD: History of depression; ICD: International Classification of Diseases; SF-36: 36-item Short Form.