Algorithm 1: Procedural Steps for Optimized S-Curve Transform for Contrast Enhancement

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Step 1:Input test mammogram/tomogram image.

Step 2:Convert from RGB to Grayscale.

Step 3:Apply S-Curve transform using Equation (2).

Step 4:Initialize the variables for PSO algorithm.

Step 5:Define the objective function and fitness function.

Step 6:Compare the values of xBest and gBest for every iteration.

Step 7:Update the position and velocity of the particle.

Step 8:Repeat steps 4 to 6 for all iterations until best value of EME is obtained.

Step 9:Output images are obtained by substituting values in Equation (2).

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