Table 2.
Prevalence and scores of symptoms, functional difficulties, and overall health as measured using C19-YRS.
| Symptoms/Functional Impairments | N | Prevalence a | Score b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current | Pre-COVID | Current | Pre-COVID | Z | p | ||
| Breathlessness | 135 | 108 (80.00%) | 93 (68.89%) | 1.60 ± 1.79 | 0.90 ± 1.23 | −6.907 | <0.001 |
| At rest | 135 | 42 (31.11%) | 21 (15.56%) | 1.05 ± 1.95 | 0.39 ± 1.15 | −5.203 | <0.001 |
| On dressing | 130 | 24 (18.46%) | 11 (8.46%) | 0.61 ± 1.61 | 0.28 ± 1.07 | −3.757 | <0.001 |
| On walking | 128 | 103 (80.47%) | 93 (72.66%) | 3.13 ± 2.47 | 2.09 ± 1.94 | −6.562 | <0.001 |
| Laryngeal/airway complications | 135 | 92 (68.15%) | - | 3.21 ± 2.41 | 0.72 ± 1.31 | −7.514 | <0.001 |
| Cough | 135 | 86 (63.70%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Voice | 135 | 23 (17.04%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Breathing murmur | 135 | 10 (7.41%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| The worst among them | |||||||
| cough | 89 | 81 (91.01%) | - | 3.19 ± 2.43 | 0.78 ± 1.35 | −7.155 | <0.001 |
| voice | 89 | 5 (5.62%) | - | 4.20 ± 2.59 | 0.20 ± 0.45 | −1.841 | 0.066 |
| breathing murmur | 89 | 3 (3.37%) | - | 2.33 ± 1.16 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | −1.633 | 0.102 |
| Swallowing | 135 | 19 (14.07%) | 9 (6.67%) | 0.38 ± 1.18 | 0.19 ± 0.83 | −3.482 | <0.001 |
| Nutrition | 135 | 15 (11.11%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Fatigue | 135 | 103 (76.30%) | 89 (65.93%) | 3.57 ± 2.79 | 1.70 ± 1.71 | −8.254 | <0.001 |
| Incontinence | 134 | 6 (4.48%) | - | 5.33 ± 3.39 | 2.33 ± 1.51 | −2.041 | 0.041 |
| Fecal | 134 | 1 (0.75%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Urinary | 134 | 6 (4.48%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| The worst among them | |||||||
| fecal | 6 | 0 (0.0%) | - | - | - | ||
| urinary | 6 | 6 (100.0%) | - | 5.33 ± 3.39 | 2.33 ± 1.51 | −2.041 | 0.041 |
| Pain | 134 | 34 (25.37%) | - | 4.18 ± 1.99 | 0.82 ± 1.40 | −4.961 | <0.001 |
| Chest pain | 134 | 12 (8.96%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Joint pain | 134 | 11 (8.21%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Muscle ache | 134 | 17 (12.69%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Headache | 134 | 17 (12.69%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Abdominal pain | 134 | 8 (5.97%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other pain | 134 | 8 (5.97%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| The worst in the past week | |||||||
| chest pain | 34 | 8 (23.53%) | - | 4.13 ± 1.46 | 0.50 ± 0.76 | −2.539 | 0.011 |
| joint pain | 34 | 4 (11.76%) | - | 6.00 ± 2.58 | 2.25 ± 2.22 | −1.890 | 0.059 |
| muscle ache | 34 | 7 (20.59%) | - | 4.71 ± 1.70 | 0.86 ± 1.57 | −2.226 | 0.026 |
| headache | 34 | 8 (23.53%) | - | 3.63 ± 2.13 | 1.00 ± 1.60 | −2.539 | 0.011 |
| abdominal pain | 34 | 3 (8.82%) | - | 4.00 ± 1.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | −1.604 | 0.109 |
| other pain | 34 | 4 (11.76%) | - | 2.75 ± 2.50 | 0.25 ± 0.50 | −1.604 | 0.109 |
| Cognition | 134 | 77 (57.46%) | - | 4.80 ± 2.15 | 1.77 ± 1.34 | −7.355 | <0.001 |
| Concentrating | 134 | 53 (39.55%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Short-term memory | 134 | 72 (53.73%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Event planning | 134 | 38 (28.36%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| The worst among them | |||||||
| concentrating | 77 | 20 (25.97%) | - | 4.15 ± 1.63 | 1.55 ± 1.15 | −3.759 | <0.001 |
| short-term memory | 77 | 53 (68.83%) | - | 4.96 ± 2.25 | 1.75 ± 1.31 | −6.177 | <0.001 |
| event planning | 77 | 4 (5.19%) | - | 6.00 ± 2.94 | 1.75 ± 1.26 | −1.633 | 0.102 |
| Anxiety | 133 | 67 (50.38%) | 55 (41.35%) | 1.96 ± 2.46 | 1.02 ± 1.58 | −6.075 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 133 | 47 (35.34%) | 41 (30.83%) | 1.22 ± 2.13 | 0.70 ± 1.43 | −4.669 | <0.001 |
| Thoughts about harming yourself | 133 | 2 (1.50%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | |||||||
| Unwanted memories | 134 | 7 (5.22%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Unpleasant dreams | 134 | 8 (5.97%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Avoid thoughts | 134 | 18 (13.43%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pressure | 133 | 84 (63.16%) | 78 (58.65%) | 2.49 ± 2.52 | 1.74 ± 1.92 | −5.968 | <0.001 |
| Communication | 132 | 45 (34.09%) | 36 (27.27%) | 1.19 ± 1.97 | 0.56 ± 1.23 | −5.050 | <0.001 |
| Mobility | 132 | 27 (20.45%) | 14 (10.61%) | 0.67 ± 1.61 | 0.32 ± 1.09 | −4.250 | <0.001 |
| Personal care | 132 | 7 (5.30%) | 4 (3.03%) | 0.20 ± 1.05 | 0.14 ± 0.86 | −2.271 | 0.023 |
| Usual activities | 132 | 34 (25.76%) | 16 (12.12%) | 0.80 ± 1.76 | 0.28 ± 1.07 | −4.743 | <0.001 |
| Social | 132 | 30 (22.73%) | 15 (11.36%) | 0.78 ± 1.82 | 0.26 ± 0.98 | −4.408 | <0.001 |
| Palpitation | 132 | 40 (30.30%) | - | 0.94 ± 1.70 | - | - | - |
| Dizziness | 131 | 42 (32.06%) | - | 0.80 ± 1.59 | - | - | - |
| Weakness | 131 | 72 (54.96%) | - | 1.75 ± 2.18 | - | - | - |
| Sleep | 131 | 69 (52.67%) | - | 2.14 ± 2.77 | - | - | - |
| Fever | 131 | 19 (14.50%) | - | 0.40 ± 1.24 | - | - | - |
| Rash | 131 | 27 (20.61%) | - | 0.62 ± 1.47 | - | - | - |
| Overall health | 130 | - | - | 5.43 ± 2.33 | 6.78 ± 2.22 | −8.008 | <0.001 |
Note: a The data were expressed as n (percentage); b The data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD); p values with bold were considered statistically significant differences; - Not applicable.